فهرست مطالب nazari r

The aim of this study was to develop a model of sport for all development in Islamic Azad University that was carried out using the systematic theory of grounded theory. The participants in the present study were experts of sport for all and 20 subjects were selected by theoretical sampling for deep interviews and interviews continued until theoretical saturation. For data analysis, open, axial and selective coding was used. 450 initial conceptual propositions with 14 categories and 38 concepts in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigmatic model including causal features (1 category), the main phenomenon (increased participation of students, staff and faculty members), strategy (2 categories), the underlying features (5 categories), environmental features (4 categories) and outcome (1 category) were identified. The results of the research model showed that improvement in attitude and awareness, increase in motivation, interest, vitality and happiness can attract the participation of students, staff and faculty members in university sport for all. Therefore, it is essential that sport for all development policies in Islamic Azad University are based on the model developed in this study to develop sport for all and increase the participation of individuals.

Sport for all activities are inherently conducive to community health promotion. The purpose of this study was to identification the effective factors of Sport for all. The present study has a postmodern paradigm and a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research approach and sampling method of targeting experts and snowball. In the analysis of the study, with the coding and content analysis of 20 in-depth interviews with experts, 169 open source codes were extracted and categorized into 53 indices resulting from open source integration, indices in the form of a list of closed questions, among 10 experts using The Delphi method was shared, and the results showed that after three rounds of Delphi interviews and reaching a consensus, 36 effective factors in Sport for all were identified. By focusing on the identified factors and dimensions and planning to exploit these factors, it facilitates a suitable environment for the presence and participation of the general public and provides a platform for Sport for all in Iran.

Increasing crop production depends on the supply crop water demands, thus accurate estimation of crop water demands helps not only to crop production, but also is effective in the management of water resources. SEBAL and METRIC algorithms are the most widely used methods for estimating evapotranspiration as a residual of the energy balance with using remote sensing data. Based on this, the purpose of the present research was to investigate the results of actual evapotranspiration of crop from SEBAL and METRIC models in the Qazvin plain. To evaluate the results of actual evapotranspiration, two sensors with different temporal and spatial resolution (images of MODIS sensor Terra satellite and ETM sensor Landsat 7 satellite) were used. In this regard, Qazvin weather station data as well as data Lysimeter were used in order to verify the results of METRIC and SEBAL algorithm. The results of METRIC and SEBAL models with a total of 10 images obtained from MODIS sensor Terra satellite and ETM sensor Landsat 7 satellite were evaluated with data Lysimeter for grass reference crop in 1380. MODIS sensor with r=0.88, RMSE=1.91 and SE=0.85 mm/day with r=1.00, RMSE=0.91 and SE=0.09 in METRIC model compared with the SEBAL model estimates are more accurate than the lysimeter operation and in this research recommended as a top model for estimating actual evapotranspiration in the Qazvin plain.

Taking the new approaches to learning and teaching process into account, in 1382 the descriptive evaluation system was applied at the elementary schools in Iran with the objective of making fundamental changes in the present evaluation system. The present research aims to compare the effect of descriptive and quantitative evaluations on the academic self-concept, creativity and achievement of the fourth grade elementary school students. In descriptive and evaluative systems, evaluation is the part and parcel of education. The study of evaluative systems of various countries has shown that the use of qualitative methods to evaluate the students’ ability has a very long history. Kemp and Toperoff (1998) have conducted a study on the educational evaluation of students by work folder and concluded that the use of work folder makes learners active and independent, and gives them internal stimulus to try and improve their academic achievements. In another study, Razzagh Manesh (1386) and Kord (1381) have studied the effect of feedback of tecoini evaluation on students’ academic achievement and concluded that this kind of evaluation, by presenting appropriate and revised feedback, leads to students’ academic achievements. One of the evaluatively-described strategies is self-assessment. In her study, Christopher (2010) has shown that the development of self-assessment strategies boosts reflective thinking in students and gives them the ability to give cognitive and emotional responses to their own learning. In addition, she asserts that immediate feedback, without any ambiguous and metacognitive obstacles, is one of the key elements in determining the effect of descriptive feedback by which self-regulation gets boosted, learning facilitated and academic achievement established. In recent years, this theory that individual talent is the only independent element playing a role in the academic achievement has affirmed and stressed the role of academic self-concept and its influence on the academic achievement. The relationship between self-concept and academic success has also been studied by researchers such as Brook Over (1981), March (1984), and Sekaluk (1986). Some research results concerning the impact and importance of self–concept in academic achievement have indicated the noticeable degree of correlation (0.4-0.6); however, some of the researchers have not found any sensible relationship between self-concept and academic achievement among whom mention can be made of Hunt (1997), Hushmand (1376), and Mohmmadi (1377).In addition to the academic achievement, another variable that is influenced by the applied evaluative procedure is creativity. In his research, Zarei (1388) concludes that the students who are descriptively evaluated are more creative than those qualitatively evaluated. This finding has been affirmed by other researchers such as Haghighi (1383), Mortezai Nejad (1383) and Shir Mohmmadi (1388). However, there are other studies with contradictory results. For instance, Shah Nemati, Valayi and Fani (1387) have shown in their research that tecoini evaluations, together with feedback, can lead to an appropriate mental atmosphere in the class and the development of academic achievement in the learners but it doesn’t have any effect on the learners’ creativity.The present study is aimed at investigating whether there are any observable differences between the qualitative-descriptive evaluation and quantitative-traditional one in determining the academic self-concept, creativity and academic achievement of the fourth grade elementary school students. In the present study, the research method applied is a descriptive, casual-comparative one. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant difference among the students in the descriptive and quantitative evaluation systems in terms of their academic self-concept, creativity, and academic achievement. It is found that the students in the descriptive evaluation system have a more positive academic self-concept, higher creativity and better academic achievement as compared with those in the traditional evaluation system. The results of the study indicate that the students in the descriptive evaluation system have a more positive academic self-concept, higher creativity and better academic achievement as compared with those in the traditional evaluation system This finding can be interpreted in terms of positive, descriptive and evaluative characteristics including a change from a distance scale to a rating one, the reduction in blaming and the removal of pressure in getting top scores.The descriptive evaluation forms a positive academic self-concept in the students by creating interactions and relationships between the teachers and students, by increasing the mental health in class, by using various evaluative parameters, by providing the field for the appearance of students’ talents, by concentrating on strong points and by revising weak points all of which can lead to the formation of a positive academic self-concept in students.Based on the psychological theories, the creativity appearance rests on dealing with obstacles and going beyond troublesome traditions. In academic evaluation, the focus on predicated and frame- based responses, strips students’ curiosity and hinders creativity manifestation. In this kind of evaluation, the students are not compared with each other and are encouraged to have new ideas resulting from lateral and divergent thinking.Based on the metacognitive learning theories, the use of metacognitive learning strategies in descriptive evaluation assures deeper learning and more academic achievement. While in descriptive evaluation, evaluation is in the service of learning; various formative evaluation means, strategies and active teaching methods are used and the learners receive metacognitive, descriptive and revised feedbacks in order to understand their lessons better and deeper.

Bacterial vaginosis is a condition which is determined by changes in microbial ecosystem of vagina and is considered as a preventable risk factor for preterm delivery. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of bacterial vaginosis screening program in routine prenatal care and its effect on decreasing preterm labor. This clinical trial study was conducted on 474 pregnant women at gestational stage between 2007 and 2008. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: intervention group and control group. Screening was performed in intervention group with Amsel''s criteria (3 of 4 needed for diagnosis). Positive cases were given clindamycin cream (2%) for one week. The outcome of the delivery was assessed in both groups afterward. Data were analyzed by SPSS11 software using descriptive statistics. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding pregnancy rank، wanted and unwanted pregnancy، insufficient weight gain، mother vaccination and complication of pregnancy. Bacterial vaginosis was observed in 17 out of 216 (8%) in the intervention group and then treated. Prevalence of preterm delivery in the intervention and control groups were 3 (1. 4%) and 12 (4. 7%)، respectively. The relative risk was protective (RR: 0. 3، DR: 0. 033، NNT: 30). Screening and treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women could significantly decrease the rate of preterm delivery.

Some species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are potential producers of aflatoxin, a mycotoxin with teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. Cattle feed pollution with the species of Aspergillus cause production of aflatoxin and its transfusion to milk and milk products. Utilizing polluted feed disorder health domestic, milk and consumers. In this study used feed composition were examined in ten animal's farm in arak in the years 2009 and 2010. Results showed the most feed composition materials were corn, cotton and canola meal, feed supplements, barley, wheat bran, dried bread, fat powder and alfalfa. Isolation, cultivation and identification of feed Aspergillus on macroscopic colony characteristics and microscopic morphology were done. A PCR assay was used to indentify species of Aspergillus from one another. DNA sequencing of the ITS1-5.8SITS2 region of ribosomal DNA gene complex was also conducted for the identification of species by comparative Gen Bank sequence analysis. The results indicated the presence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus in cattle feed of the animal's farm.

The real value of breast milk was known in health supplies and preserve life, But all of mothers are not successes to exclusive breast feeding for their children. This study aimed to assess Affective Factors to exclusive breast feeding in infants referred to health centers of Amole. In this case - control study was assessed 198 children 6-12 mouths in the Amole. 98 infants have exclusive breastfeeding, is defined as no food or liquid other than breast milk, not even water, is given to the infant from birth until six months of age,(case group) and 100 infants haven’t exclusive breastfeeding(control group). Data were collected by interview and assess of family file. Data analyzed in SPSS16 by chai- square t-test and odds ratio. Average age of case group mothers were 25.91±5.4 years and control group were 28.4±5.6 years (P<0.05). Literacy of 23 mothers (23.5%) of case group mothers and 30 mothers of control group were academic. 89 mothers (90.8%) of case group mothers and 86 mothers of control group were trained about breastfeeding. Type of delivery, maternal family history of breast feeding, use of pacifiers and contact mother and infant immediately at birth were different in both groups significantly (P <0 / 05). But maternal employment, birth rank, insists of mother's family, child sex, get training, desired sex of the child, were not different significant. Our study showed that, high maternal age, cesarean section delivery and use of pacifiers reduce exclusive breastfeeding. History of breast-feeding in mother's family mother and immediate contact after birth, increases exclusive breast feeding. So it is necessary to reduce the negative effects and strengthening the positive influence factors to benefit more children from exclusive breast feeding.

Gynecology cancer is one of the most important issues in oncology and social medicine. Quality of life assessment in gynecologic cancer patients helps to evaluate the effect of treatment and supportive interventions in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life and its sub- scales in gynecologic cancer patients before and after chemotherapy and its related factors. This cross–sectional study was performed on 54 gynecologic cancer patients who were selected with proposal sampling. Data were collected with demographic and FACT-G questionnaires in individual interview before and 3 months after chemotherapy for quality of life evaluation. The quality of life was evaluated in four subgroups: physical, socio-familial, emotional and functional health. The minimum and maximum score of overall quality of life was 0 and 108, respectively. The mean age of patients was 54.70±13.80 years. The mean of physical, socio-familial, emotional, functional health and overall quality of life before treatment (61.69±18.48) was higher than after treatment (71.68 ± 16.38) (p<0.05). There was a relationship between age and overall quality of life after treatment (r = -0/42, p= 0.001). There was no significant difference between quality of life and marital status, education, job, economic status and type of cancer. Complete duration of chemotherapy treatment can cause the overall improvement of quality of life in gynecologic cancer patients. Patient perception of this leads to better acceptance of cancer treatment.

Patient satisfaction is one of the main indicators for measuring effectiveness of health system. Patient satisfaction in different areas is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to investigate patient satisfaction from hospital services in Amol. This cross sectional study was performed on 300 admitted and discharged patients that were selected randomly. Data were collected by the researcher made questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, Chi-square and t-test. The satisfaction rate was as follows: 69.3 % of patients were satisfied with hospital services, 75.94% with nursing services, 69.1% to medical services, and 64.06% with general services. There was a significant relationship between age, and education level with patient satisfaction rate. (p<0.001) The satisfaction rate in most participating patients was desirable because nursing care, communication skills of staff, physical profile of wards increased patients satisfaction. It is necessary that officials measure patients satisfaction rate at discharge from hospitals.

Utilizing Aspergillus polluted feed causes aflatoxin production, disturbing disordered domestic health, milk and consumers cycle. In this research the relationship of milk aflatoxin M1 and feed fungi flora was studied in Markazi Province. In this study the feed composition used in ten grazieries in Markazi Province in years 2009 and 2010 were examined. Isolation, cultivation and identification of feed fungi were done. Also the resulting produced milk aflatoxin M1 was measured using ELISA method.Then the relationship between feed composition, molds and milk aflatoxin were calculated. Results showed that the most feed composition were zea, cotton and kolza cakes, feed complementary, barley, wheat bran, dried bread, fat powder and alfalfa. The most comon feed pollutants were Aspergillus flavus, A. clavatus and Rhizopus stolonifere. Anuall studies on collected milk from grazieries showed existing aflatoxin M1 in all of them. Statistical analysis of data confirmed a strong correlation between soya and kolsa cakes with Aspergillus molds in feed and milk pollution to aflatoxin. Control al feed mold pollution is the best method for the prevention of milk and its products bing polluted to aflatoxins that helps to improve community health.

Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death in world and the first cause of year life lost in Iran. Although paths leading to the Amol town are busy and eventful, we have not comprehensive information about effective factors in traffic accident and the factors related to traffic accident severity. This study was done to determine mortality and injury severity in the accident victims referred to the Hefdah Shahrivar hospital of Amol, Iran. This cross-sectional study was studied on 1397 road accident victims referred to Hefdah Shahrivar hospital of Amol town in 2007. Information on characteristics of injured persons, how accident occurred, accident location and time were recorded in the checklist. Injury severity scores (ISS) ranged from 1-6 according to physician's opinion. Then data was evaluated. From 1397 cases, 995 (71.2%) were male and 633 (45.2%) were at the age group of 15-30 years old. Number of deads was 125 (8.9%) that cause of death in 72 (6.57%) of them was head trauma. Number of injured cases was 476 (34.2%) and severity of injury was 7.85±10.21 on the roads outside urban area that was more than other roads (p<0.05). The passenger car occupants injured more (731 cases=52.3%) but the mean of injury severity in cyclists was 9.26±11.05 that was more than pedestrians, passenger car occupants and motorcyclists. The results of this study showed that a variety of factors, including the type and location of traffic accidents being involved in causing injuries, mortality and severity of injuries. Therefore, identifying these native factors will be a good guidance for the accurate and effective planning in improving the health of society.

One of the obstacles in the development of Gol-e-Gohar iron ore in Sirjan is the shortage of fresh water in the region. Chah_Deraz plain aquifer that located in adjacent of salty pan of Sirjan, is currently one of the sources of required water supply of Gol-e-Gohar mine, but salt water take in the lower aquifer, has limited the increasing withdrawals of fresh water. Optimal management and developing withdrawals of the aquifer requires knowledge of the placement position of the mass of salt water in the aquifer. This study tries to determine the status and border of salt and fresh water by reviewing hydrochemistry of aquifer and sampling of observation wells as deep and surface and measuring electrical conductivity. Groundwater level around exploitation wells is about 1685 meter and in output areas output of the plain is about 1690 meter. The situation of the border of the salt and fresh water exploitation wells in downstream is 1625 meter and around the exploitation wells at 1649 meter level was determined. Also groundwater model results show that by increasing the pumping wells twice, a drawdown of three meter is occurred around exploitation wells which in turn the salt water with electrical conductivity of more than 10000 μs/cm intrudes to the floor of exploitation wells.

In recent years, hand hygiene is easiest, cheapest and most effective ways to infection prevention. But the evidence does indicate that health workers do very poor hand hygiene practice. Therefore, this study describes intention and attitude of hand hygiene behavior and comparison of self-reported and observed hand hygiene behavior in healthcare professionals based on theory of planned behavior. 153 health care workers (doctor, nurse and other therapists) in 4 circumstances of hand washing (totally 612 positions) were observed and how their behavior was reflected in the check list. Each of them responded a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. The questions were developed in such a way that can be measured Perdue variables of the behavior:"subjective norms", "attitude", "perceived behavioral control" and "intention". HCPs were washed their hands in 194(31/7%) positions and more. This value was less than them self-reported (80/40%). Perdue variables predicted reported behaviors (P <0 / 05) but failed to predict the actual behavior (P >0 / 05). This study suggests that actual performance of hand washing of HCWs was poor and less than their self- reported. The theory of planned behavior showed that institutions have been success to motivate and intention, but it is necessary that they use more serious strategies for monitoring and improving this important health behavior.

To evaluate the visual outcomes and complications of deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) for management of corneal endothelial disorders. From 2003 to 2005, nine eyes of nine patients with severe bullous keratopathy due to endothelial dysfunction underwent DLEK. Uncorrected (UCVA) and best-corrected (BCVA) visual acuity were evaluated pre- and one week, 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The sutures were removed 3-4 months postoperatively in all eyes. Five female and four male subjects with mean age of 66.3±10.9 years underwent DLEK. Preoperative diagnoses included aphakic bullous keratopathy (ABK, 2 cases), pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK, 4 cases) and Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy (FED, 3 cases). Mean BCVA was 1.7±0.5 LogMAR (~20/1000) preoperatively which improved to 1.4±0.1 LogMAR one month (P=0.02), 1.4±0.2 LogMAR three months (P=0.04) and 1.2±0.4 LogMAR six months (P=0.01) postoperatively. Mean corneal astigmatism was 7.43±5.02 diopters one month after DLEK which decreased to 4.06±3.58 at final follow up. All eyes had clear graft and cornea after 6 months. Postoperative complications included transient leakage (two eyes), lenticule displacement, graft wrinkling, double chamber formation, mild interface hemorrhage and filamentary keratitis (each in one case). Cystoid macular edema was present in four eyes. DLEK has acceptable results for replacement of the endothelium in patients with ABK, PBK and FED. The most important drawback of this technique is the complexity of the equipment and the procedure. DSAEK (Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty) seems to be replacing DLEK due to less dependence on instruments and being a more simple procedure.

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of confocal scan in the diagnosis of fungal and acanthamoeba keratitis based on the results of corneal and/or contact lens case smear and culture. Confocal scan and corneal and/or contact lens case smear and culture were performed in all patients with a clinical diagnosis of infectious keratitis who were referred to Labbafinejad Medical Center from 2004 to 2006. A total of 133 eyes of 133 patients (52% male) with mean age of 48.0+22.6 years (range 9-83) were included in the study. Previous history of contact lens wear, ocular trauma and ocular surgery was present in 21%, 21% and 38.3%, respectively. Overall, corneal and/or contact lens case smear and culture were positive in 71 eyes (53.4%) for bacteria (40 cases), fungi (16 cases) and acanthamoeba (15 cases). Confocal scan was positive in 50 cases (37.6%) which revealed hypha-like structures in 27 cases (20.3%) and cyst and/or trophozoite-like structures in 23 cases (17.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of confocal scan were 100% and 84% for diagnosing acanthamoeba keratitis versus 93.4% and 77.8% for diagnosing fungal keratitis, respectively. In vivo corneal confocal scan is a rapid non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of acanthamoeba and fungal keratitis with high sensitivity and specificity based on smear and culture results. It may also be helpful in excluding fungal or acanthamoeba-like structures in cases with negative bacteriological results and in early bacterial keratitis before clarification of microbiologic results.

To present a case of delayed-onset unilateral keratitis due to Actinomyses israelii after laser in situ keratomileusis. Patient and A 28-year-old lady was referred to our clinic with foreign body sensation and mild blurring of vision in her left eye. She had undergone bilateral LASIK about five months ago. On examination, there was an area of infiltration at the interface with an overlying area which stained with fluorescein in the center of the cornea. The LASIK flap was elevated and scraping of the interface and the bed was performed. Results of culture and smear showed Actinomyses israelii as the causative agent. Antibiotic treatment was initiated according to the sensitivity results and the infection was controlled. Actinomyses must be considered in differential diagnosis of delayed-onset infectious keratitis after LASIK in addition to fungal and atypical Mycobacteria. Elevation of the flap and scraping the involved area can be helpful in obtaining specimens for culture and smear as well as reducing the infectious bulk. Adherence to aseptic techniques is mandatory for prevention of infections.

To determine corneal power for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in eyes with previous keratorefractive surgery. In 13 eyes of 9 patients with previous keratorefractive surgery undergoing phacoemulcification, IOL power was calculated using the clinical history method (CHM) in one case, manual keratometry (MKR) in 2, SimK in 3, and flattest K (topographically derived) in 7 cases. SRK-T formula with applanation method was used. Final refractions (SE) are presented. Patients included 7 male and 2 female subjects aged 51.2±9.3 (range 41-70 years). Postoperative refraction was hyperopic (+1.5 D) in eyes with the CHM, variable and unpredictable in cases with the MKR and SimK and more desirable (-0.35±0.39 D) in cases of flattest K. In this latter group the best postoperative refraction was achieved in cases which 0.5 to 1.00 D was added to the calculated IOL power. It seems using topographically derived flattest K for IOL power calculation and adding 1.00 D to the calculated IOL power in eyes with previous myopic-refractive surgery, and using the steepest K together with subtracting 1.00 D from the calculated IOL power in eyes with previous hyperopic-refractive surgery is useful when pre-refractive surgery data are not available.

To report two cases of bilateral bacterial keratitis as a sight-threatening complication following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) Patients and The first case was a 45-year-old man referred due to bilateral ocular pain and purulent discharge two days after bilateral PRK. Based on his clinical picture, smear and cultures from both corneal ulcers were taken with a diagnosis of bacterial keratitis. Frequent topical fortified antibiotic treatment was started. Smear showed many PMN cells but the culture was negative. Corneal ulcers were controlled with medical treatment. The second case was a 24-year-old man who presented with bilateral severe pain and discharge. He was diagnosed as bilateral corneal ulcers 2 days after PRK and topical antibiotics were started for him, but because of poor response he was referred to our center. Culture result was positive for staphylococcus aureus. He had severe bilateral blepharitis. Frequent fortified antibiotics were started which controlled his condition. Infectious keratitis after PRK is a rare, but potentially devasting complication. The predisposing risk factors are breakdown of the barrier function of the corneal epithelium, active blepharitis, use of bandage contact lens on an extended wear basis and use of topical steroids to control wound healing. It is recommended not to operate bilateral eyes simultaneously in those at risk.