فهرست مطالب neda sonboli

Polygamy as a cultural category is one of the important issues in the field of women's studies. This issue has been relatively common in previous societies. What is certain that polygamy existed more or less among different classes and strata of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the literary and political texts of the late period of Naseral-Din Shah and especially after the constitution, due to the familiarity of writers and poets with the West and theexpansion of communication, more attention is paid to women's issues. This research, relying on the literary and political texts and sourcesof the Qajar and constitutional eras and new researches, has researched and investigated the approachof political, social and literary texts to the issue of polygamy by descriptive-explanatory method and content analysis. Studies show that paying attention to this issue and its causes and consequences in the critical view of literary and political thinkers from middle of the Qajar period and especially theconstitutional period became very important and became one of the important issues in their studies. It is worth pondering that informing women about their position and not considering it normal has been one of the issues of concern to intellectuals and thinkers

The phenomenon that is called "child marriage" today and is one of the important social and cultural issues and harms related to women, is a historical issue that in the Qajar era in the struggle between tradition and modernity, gradually to the issue and subject It became important, at least among sections of Iranian society. Child marriage or marriage of girls at a young age, although a common phenomenon in pre-modern Iran, does not mean that this phenomenon is not considered as a social harm and a critical phenomenon. In the silence of historiographical, official and even political sources in the face of this issue, literary texts that are considered as the main sources and sources of social history in Iran have considered this important issue as a source of social criticism and in a thoughtful way in They reflected their poems and writings. Relying on texts and literary sources of the Qajar and constitutional eras and new research, this article has analyzed the approach of texts to the issue of child marriage in a descriptive-explanatory method.

Since ancient times world major waterways have drawn the attention of various rulers who have attempted to conquer them as a means to establishing relations with neighboring lands. One of these strategic regions is the Persian Gulf that has always drawn the attention of regional and extra-regional governments. During the Safavid Empire the region attracted even more attention. In this era, apart from the world powers and their quests for domination in the Persian Gulf, local powers sought to spread their influence and exert control over the coasts and ports of the Persian Gulf and expand trade in this area. It was under the Safavids that rivalry between world and local powers erupted. Among local powers was the Omani Arabs who, being aware of Safavid internal weakness and at the same time as the Safavid approached their end, sought to dominate the ports, coastlines and trade in the region. Omani Arab’s increasing power and influence in the Persian Gulf region not only diminished commercial activities, but also brought about the demise of the Safavid maritime trade by disrupting trade routes from south to Isfahan and affecting Iranian trade with its neighbors to the north and north-east.

Turning the Cape of Good Hope by Europeans and their entrance to Indian Ocean, Red sea, Oman sea and Persian Golf caused to encounter with local rulers and Kings. Because, their arrival confounded traditional System of trade. With Portuguese entrance to eastern seas; Indian Ocean, Oman Sea, and Persian Golf; and transferring These Area trading from Old world to Modern world, called more as Capitalism, urged the rulers or Kings of the main routs of traditional trade had response in front of them. Since they were deprived from the interests of east and west exchanges. Among them we can name Safavids, Ottoman Empire and India Mongol. Because of internal quarrels, The Early Safavid state didn’t had any attention to Portuguese entrance until Shah Abbas The first banished them with English support. But The Ottoman Empire that tried to compete portuguses from the first. After their exiting from Hurmoz, Ottoman and Portugal approach each other and caused difficulty for Iran in other regions of Persian Golf such as Basre and Bahrain. In this research we try to study this Issue from Shah Abbas The first to the Decline of Safavid Empire in Shah Sultan Hoseyn Era.