negar piri

Doogh is one of the native drinks of Iran and some other nations including Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq, Syria, Georgia, and Turkey), and the Balkan Islands, whose consumption is It has a lot of history. According to the definition of Iran's national standard, simple doogh is a lactic drink obtained from milk fermentation, the dry matter of which is adjusted by diluting yogurt or milk in the doogh-making process. And due to the low pH, doogh is susceptible to contamination by molds and yeasts, and some bacteria, which causes the quality of doogh to decrease and its shelf life to decrease. Among the nutritional properties of doogh, we can mention the increase of vitamins and nutritious metabolites, the improvement of calcium absorption, and the digestibility compared to raw milk. Rheological behavior in macro and micro scales is one of the properties influencing the quality of food. Food flow behavior for a number of purposes such as quality control, as well as the final properties of the product such as stability, texture, and appearance, directly depends on the food microstructure. One of the major problems is the biphasic of doogh during storage, which is due to its low viscosity, low pH, and their effect on the precipitation of proteins. Types of stabilizers are used to increase the stability of the doogh product, which has satisfactory results. Hydrocolloids are widely used to create tissue stability in acid fermentation products. One of the significant issues in doogh is its consistency, which plays a very important role in its marketability. On the other hand, today, the desire of consumers to use natural antimicrobial substances such as chia seeds, which are considered a rich source of protein and dietary fiber, instead of chemical preservatives, has increased. Hydrocolloids are widely used to create texture stability in acid fermentation products. Chia seed with the scientific name Salvia hispanica L. is an annual summer plant belonging to the mint family. Chia seeds are considered as a rich source of protein (18-25%) and dietary fiber (20-37%). Also, chia seeds contain (21 to 33%) oil, of which (60 to 63%) is related to the essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid. These seeds also contain significant concentrations of natural antioxidants such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myristin, quercetin and kaempferol. Chia seeds contain large amounts of phytosterols that help prevent cardiovascular diseases and have anti-cancer, antioxidant, bactericidal and antifungal effects, which are excellent nutritional properties. The technological advantages of chia have led to its innovative use in food products. The concentration of mucilage, the amount of viscosity increases, and the highest and lowest levels of stability were observed in the samples containing 0.05% of mucilage (85%) and the control sample (52%), respectively.

An optimization method was used to extract the mucilage of chia seeds. After dissolving the mucilage in deionized water, salt was added so that the amount of salt in the final product was 7%. In the next step, 40% of the doogh formulation was added to the stabilizer and salt mixture to prepare the doogh samples. Then, the effect of chia seed mucilage on the stability of doogh during 28 days of storage at 5°C refrigerator temperature was investigated. Chia seed mucilage was considered in a completely randomized design with treatments including concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5% added to doogh and doogh without gum as a control sample. Then viscosity, zeta potential value, stability, sensory and chemical properties of doogh were measured. In this research, analysis and analysis of the results were done in the form of a completely random design and all the tests were done in 3 repetitions. To compare the mean of the treatments, Duncan's test was used using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SPSS version 16 software at a significance level of 0.05, and graphs were drawn using Excel software version 2016.

Acidity and pH are one of the most important chemical factors in the stability and taste of doogh. The statistical analysis of the chemical analysis of doogh mixed with chia seed mucilage in comparison with the control sample after the preparation process shows that the Regarding the findings of this research, the acidity and pH of chia seed mucilage were investigated in the values of (0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 percent), the results show that the acidity of doogh samples is reduced with chia seed mucilage. But pH changes were not significant. The sample containing 0.5% chia mucilage had a higher apparent viscosity at low cutting rates than the control sample (without mucilage) and other samples. Also, this figure shows that the apparent viscosity of the doogh samples decreases with the increase of the shear speed, which in fact indicates non-Newtonian behavior (shear thinning). And in addition, it can be found that the degree of stability increased with the increase in mucilage concentration. Also, The evaluation of the obtained results does not show a significant difference between the sensory attributes of smell, taste, texture and mouthfeel (tenderness, uniformity or homogeneity, oral viscosity and mouth coating) and overall acceptance. The present study showed that in evaluating the mouth feel of doogh samples, no significant difference was observed between the samples and the control, because in addition to the oral viscosity, the uniformity and homogeneity of the samples were also considered. Therefore, it can be concluded that adding more than the appropriate amount of gum causes the samples to become undesired viscous and makes it unpleasant from the point of view of the consumer, because the presence of high amounts of hydrocolloid from the sample's psyche, which is one of the characteristics of desirability It reduces. In similar researches, the use of high amounts of hydrocolloids have been introduced as reducing the desirability and reported that depending on the type of hydrocolloid used, its appropriate amount to increase the consistency is different. The results also show that by increasing the concentration of chia seed gum compared to the control sample, the desirability of the consistency of the samples increases, but this effect decreases at a concentration of 0.5%. The results of the present study show that adding hydrocolloids to doogh causes the zeta potential of the doogh sample to become negative. Due to its anionic nature, chia seed gum has a negative zeta potential. Probably, chia seed mucilage as an anionic hydrocolloid has been absorbed on the surface of caseins and as a result, spatial and electrostatic repulsion has prevented the particles from approaching each other. Colloids containing particles with a low zeta potential (positive or negative), in the absence of other inhibiting factors such as high viscosity and spatial hindrance, will have a great ability to clot and aggregate. The larger numerical value of the zeta potential in the formulation containing gum means the presence of more repulsive force between the droplets and their less tendency to stick together, which in this case repels each other and makes the system stable. Therefore, by increasing the concentration of gum in the samples, the intensity of the charged ions of the samples increased. As a result, the spatial and electrostatic repulsion forces of these samples have shown an important role in stabilization. It could be obtained by increasing the concentration of mucilage, the amount of stability increased, so that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the samples and the control sample (without chia seed mucilage). The samples containing 0.3% and 0.5% concentration of chia seed mucilage resulted in 100% stability and the least stability (30%) related to the control treatment at the end of the 28th day. Our findings results are probably due to the polyelectrolyte nature of chia seed gum in 0.5% weight-volume solution; Because the chia seed gum polymer consists of carbohydrates with carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups. It should also be added that chia seed mucilage did not change much in dry matter, fat and doogh protein content. And as the apparent viscosity of doogh samples containing chia seed mucilage shows, the sample containing 0.5% chia mucilage had a higher apparent viscosity than other samples, and the apparent viscosity of doogh samples decreased with increasing shear rate.

The results showed that the addition of chia seed mucilage up to a concentration of 0.1% on the 28th day of storage time resulted in a remarkable increase in the stability of doogh samples (62%), and concentrations of 0.3% and 0.5% resulted in complete stability of the samples. became The highest apparent viscosity in the samples containing chia seed mucilage is related to the concentration of 0.5 and then 0.3%. Since the highest consistency score in the sensory evaluation of doogh samples and its complete stability compared to the control sample was observed in the sample containing 0.3% chia seed mucilage, this concentration is suggested as the optimal concentration.

Raw milk is susceptible to environmental pollution and considered to be one of the most perishable food items. The prevailing mode of contamination arises from the consumption of milk with digestive system, mucous secretions, and skin. The bacteria have the capacity to endure in milk for a period of ten days. The contamination of dairy products  to polluted hand hygiene products is one of the contributing factors . The present study aimed to examine the effects of disinfectant solutions, specifically chlorine, with varying concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%), on the contamination of personnel's hands. ANOVA, also known as one-way analysis of variance, was employed to assess the disparities in means. In order to compare the means at a significant level of 95%, Duncan's test was utilized. The findings exhibited that the presence of chlorine has a noteworthy impact on the abundance of microorganisms. Additionally, an investigation was conducted to assess the impact of MicroZ, alcohol at 68% and alcohol 96% on the reduction of Staphylococcus microbial population. By examining the central indicators and dispersion of the tested communities, the results showed that 68% alcohol has a greater effect on reducing the microbial population than microZ and 96% alcohol.

Yogurt, a widely consumed dairy producton a global scale, is highly regarded for its outstanding nutritional composition, gastrointestinal advantages, prolonged storage capability, rapid digestibility and assimilation rates, economic importance, and therapeutic properties.  And It is shown in this research illustrates that yogurt with an increased quantity of alfalfa extract elevates the levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capabilities. In this study, alfalfa extract was incorporated into yogurt formulation at varying concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent by weight. Following a storage period of 20 days, the assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted by measuring DPPH radical inhibition. Moreover, an analysis of phenolic compounds and an evaluation of yogurt quality attributes including pH, acidity, water content, and viscosity were carried out. Subsequently, a factorial experiment design was employed, utilizing a completely randomized design with three replications for statistical purposes. Statistical analysis involved the comparison of means at a significance level of 1% using SAS software version 9. The results showed that the presence of alfalfa extract led to an augmentation in the levels of water-soluble phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidant capacity of yogurt. So that, at the conclusion of a 10-day period, the highest antioxidant activity was associated with yogurt formulations incorporating 6% and 8% alfalfa extract. Furthermore, the yogurt sample containing 8% extract exhibited the lowest water content, a statistically significant variance compared to the remaining samples (p≤0.05). It should be noted that Considering the impact of dairy products on health and the need to increase per capita consumption of dairy products, more attention should be paid to the production of products that have more health benefits and high rheological properties. Hence, within this study, it was demonstrated that the inclusion of alfalfa extract resulted in an augmentation of the samples' antioxidant characteristics.

Although almost three years have passed since the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19), this unprecedented situation is still not under control. Since COVID-19 has the potential to harm the human body, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the outbreak of post-traumatic stress disturbance (PTSD) during the COVID-19 epidemic. We used the search strategy of “novel coronavirus” OR “2019 novel coronavirus” OR “novel coronavirus pneumonia” OR “new coronavirus” OR “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “SARS2” OR “2019-n CoV” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “COVID-19” AND “PTSD” OR “PTS” OR “post-traumatic stress” OR “mental disorders”. The exclusion criteria included: a) articles that were not in English or Persian language; b) articles whose full text was not available, c) articles that did not report the prevalence of PTSD, d) articles that were not specific to COVID-19 or included other diseases, e) duplicate publications; f) reviews, abstracts, case reports, case series, and g) studies with target groups other than healthcare workers (HCWs), patients with COVID-19 and general population. After reviewing the articles and checking the exclusion criteria, the full text of 27 articles was reviewed. The studies showed the prevalence of PTSD in the HCW, general population and COVID-19 patients varied from the lowest to the highest as 3.8% to 56.6%, 4.6% to 67.09% and 5.61% to 96.2%, respectively. Given the prevalence of PTSD associated to COVID-19 in the investigated groups, it is recommended to design and implement educational and interventional programs to manage stress and deal with stressful situations such as epidemics.

Although comorbidity of psychotic disorders and substance use can lead to increase in mortality, less is known about the outbreak and predictors. Psychotic patients tend to be overlooked during assessment; hence, the possibility of an undertreated or missed condition such as increasing substance use. This investigation aimed to measure the prevalence of substance use in psychotic patients and to survey the powerful predictors.

In a 1-year cross-sectional study, 311 psychotic patients were assessed using the Structured Interview Based on DSM-5 for diagnostic confirmation as well as questions surveying prevalence and possible predictors of substance use.

Prevalence of substance use among psychotic patients was 37.9%. Several variables were identified as factors associated with drug abuse among the psychotic patients. These included male gender, younger age, being currently homeless, a history of imprisonment, and having family history of drug use. The strongest predictors of substance use, however, were family history of drug use, male gender, and being currently homelessness.

Policymakers should note the importance of substance use among psychotic patients. Developing active screening strategies and comprehensive preventive plans, especially in the high-risk population, is suggested.

Prevention of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) during pregnancy is recommended due to severe complications for mothers and infants. Considering that NCDs have a significant impact on infant mortality, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between mothers’ underlying diseases and gestational diabetes and infant mortality in Iran.

Mothers who referred to the health centers in nine provinces of Iran were included. This case–control study used data collected from pregnant women. There were 1162 cases and 1624 controls. The required data were collected from mothers’ health records and through interviews.

The chances of neonatal mortality in women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30–35, 1.7 times (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–2.44, P = 0.003) was higher compared with women with a normal BMI. The chance of neonatal mortality among mothers with high blood pressure was three times higher compared with healthy mothers (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.98–4.65, P < 0.001). The chance of neonatal mortality in women with kidney disease was also 1.64 times higher than mothers without kidney problems (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.1–2.45, P = 0.015). In the study of gestational diabetes, the chance of neonatal mortality among the mothers who had at risk was 1.63 times higher than mothers without gestational diabetes (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 0.84–3.16, P = 0.014). Furthermore, the chance of neonatal mortality among the mothers who had heart disease was 1.10 times higher than mothers without heart disease (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 0.88–4.99, P = 0.014).

This study showed that undiagnosed underlying diseases were related to neonatal mortality, which highlights the importance of caring for and counseling about the underlying diseases, screening, and controlling blood sugar levels before and during pregnancy to prevent infant mortality by all means possible.

Neonatal death is defined as death at any point in time during the first four weeks of life. It is one of the most important criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in public areas. We aimed to investigate pre-pregnancy risk factors associated with neonatal death.

This population-based case-control study was conducted in eight provinces and two cities of Iran in 2,788 mothers referred to health care centers during 2015 to 2018. Participants were divided into two cases (1162), and control (1626) groups. Expert staff to interview the participants for case and control groups used a structural interview checklist based on the same protocol. We evaluate the association factor between neonatal mortality, the dependent variable, and the maternal demographic and health status characteristics. Data collection was a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Expert staff interviewed parents to collect data based on the same protocol for case and control groups.

This study was conducted on 2,788 participants, 90% of cases (n=1162), and 94% of controls (n=1626) were under 35 years of age. The chance of neonatal death was higher in Kurdish mothers [OR: 2.02; 95% CI (1.1 – 4.16)], mothers with low level illiteracy [OR: 1.82; 95% CI (1.01 – 3.27)], mothers with previous stillbirth [OR: 8.84; 95% CI (5.88 – 13.29)], using contraceptives [OR: 1.66; 95% CI (1.33- 2.06)], and passive smokers [OR: 1.49; 95% CI (1.20 – 1.86)].

Based on the results, maternal educational level, maternal body mass index, ethnicity, using contraceptives, pregnancy intervals, and history of stillbirth, abortion, and passive smoking were associated with neonatal mortality.

Stillbirth is an important economic, cultural, and health index that has a higher prevalence in developing countries.

The present research was conducted to determine the pre-pregnancy risk factors of stillbirth in Iran.

This research is a national population-based case-control study on the risk factors of stillbirth in Iran. A total of 3,085 women presenting to public healthcare centers of ten provinces/cities of Iran entered the study, including 1,459 women who their last pregnancy ended in a stillbirth as the case group and 1,626 women who their last pregnancy ended in a live birth as the control group. Data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire and were then analyzed by SPSS-19 using the chi-square and the logistic regression tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The results revealed a relationship between the last pregnancy ending in a stillbirth and a previous history of stillbirth (OR = 2.64, CI: 1.81 - 3.85, P = 0.001), miscarriage (OR = 1.57, CI: 1.21 - 2.03, P = 0.001) irregular menstruation (OR = 1.29, CI: 1.02 - 1.64, P = 0.029), age over 35 (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.17 - 2.14, P = 0.001), low level of education (OR = 3.50, CI: 2.30 - 5.33, P = 0.001), and the use of oral contraceptives.

There are several risk factors for stillbirth, including a previous history of stillbirth, miscarriage or irregular menstrual cycle, most of which can be controlled through pre-pregnancy training. Educational interventions are, therefore, required to improve the knowledge of women at childbearing age and preventive measures should be taken to reduce the number of stillbirths in pregnant women.