فهرست مطالب negar yusefzadeh

With the assumption that health is as one of the luxury goods, therefore making efforts in reducing health spending and inflation in this section will be ineffective.
But if health is an essential service, then in the national level for better redistribution of the resources and financial protection of the households against the health expenditures will be needed. The main objective of this study was determination of income impact of health care expenditures in Tehran household in years 2011-2012.
This study was a population based survey. The instrument of data gathering was a "WHO questionnaire" which was integrated by interview with an acquainted person in each one of the 792 families who live in Tehran. The least ordinary squares, Granger causality test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfery and White heteroskedasticity test were used for data analysis. Eviews 8 software was used for running the tests.
The results showed that heath is a cause for increasing income but the converse is not true. Otherwise, Health with income elasticity equal to 0.25 is an essential service, and is not perceived as luxury goods. Moreover results represented that income is not a good variable for rationalizing the variation of health expenditures.
Health was an essential good, and although income changes affect the expenditures of health care, but the sensitivity is not high and recommended that health policy-makers should in adoption policies such as tariff increases do a comprehensive survey because prices increase are borne by the consumers.

Receiving and using health care services is called health services uitilization. There are many socio-economic factors including income, culture, age and education affecting the utilization of the services. This survey aimed to study socio-economic determinants of health utilization in Tehran. This was a cross-sectional, population based health survey done in year 2013. The sample was 792 households living in Tehran. Data was collected by WHO (households) questionnaire, and analyzed using logistic model and stata12. Among the study variables, household's income, presence of a person with chronic disease, education of the head of the household, and presence of person older than 60 and younger than 14 in households, had a significant statistical relationship with utilization. Insurance coverage had a vague and weak effect on the utilization of health services. Moreover about 23 percent of the households were not under insurance coverage. According to the announced policies by the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and by cconsidering the main focus of these policies on the universal insurance coverage, households financial security and reform of the payment system; identifying households that utilize more health care services than any others because of any socio-economic reasons; is a considerable step for providing financial security for vulnerable households and reforming health care system at the national level.

Background and In 2000 World Health Organization (WHO) has announced the fairness of financial contribution to health care costs, as one of the three goals of health systems. However, conducted studies in Iran reflect the dire situation in the context of health equity in terms of financing health care costs. The aim of the present study is to determine the disparities in health expenditures by means of different approaches. The present study is a descriptive - analytic cross sectional population based study. The Sample consisted of 792 households residing in Tehran. Data was collected by WHO questionnaire. Indices of FFC, CI in health expenditure, Lorenz curve and catastrophic health care expenditure were used for measuring inequality in the distribution of health expenditures. Excel software was used to perform mathematical calculations. FFC index was 0.57 by optimized method and was equal to 0.62 by ordinary formulas. Concentration index in outpatient services was -0.105, CI in inpatient services was 0.015 and for total health expenditures was equal to -0.044. Also, 7.2 present of households were faced with catastrophic health expenditures. Moreover results showed that insurance can be a reason of catastrophic expenditures by itself. Results indicated that there is a deep gap between the status of equity which is outlined in the 4th and 5th national plans of development and our current situation. So reforming in financial, insurance and structural policies is crucially needed.