فهرست مطالب niloofar mohammadi

Global warming threatens human survival in today's scenario; and has become an environmental challenge. The climate data shows the warming trend in many parts of the world, which has led to a wide range of climate effects such as reduced precipitation, drought, and the occurrence of extreme events. The increasing vulnerability of many urban areas, especially in developing countries, has been one of the main concerns of life. Therefore, examining the risk of risks caused by global warming on a national and local scale is a fundamental step to increase the readiness of urban areas to reduce current and future risks caused by climate change. Droughts have effects on vegetation, soil and freshwater quality, and etc., and are a serious ecological problem around the world, its impact on crops and water availability for humans can jeopardize human life. Although drought has always been common, the drought risk has become increasingly prominent because of the climatic warming that has occurred during the past century. Therefore, these effects of are noticeable in all climates, and Iran, having a dry and semi-arid climate, is one of the countries that is always at risk of drought, and this causes great economic damage to the country every year.  in addition to this, the review of the history and climatic texts shows that the importance of the effects of climatic elements (rainfall and temperature) on the drought situation of the region in the coming period is essential. Until now, the study of global warming in terms of increasing the risk of drought using the sixth report and new climate data has not been studied in Tehran province. So this study aims to investigate the effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran province.

This research, First, the parameters (temperature and precipitation) for the synoptic stations (Abali, Shemiran, Mehrabad) for the period (1988-2020) were received from the Tehran Meteorological Organization. To projection in the future, down-scaling methods (SDSM-DC model) and The Mann-Kendall test were used to investigate the changes in temperature and precipitation. Climatic parameters change in space and time scale for many reasons. that these changes should be checked based on observations and statistical methods. Rainfall is one of those climate parameters that is not normal, and methods such as Menn-Kendall should be used to deal with such conditions; For this purpose, using Macro Excel, the value of age slope and Z statistic was calculated in the period (1988-2020) for the stations (Mehrabad, Shemiran and Abali) to investigate the trend of precipitation and temperature from the past to the present at a confidence level of 95-99% computed. In the following NetCDF data together with CanESM5 predictors from the base period (1979-2014) according to the most recent SSP release scenarios of the IPCC 6th Report were obtained from the Canadian Climate Change website. Among them, only Mehrabad station had a complete basic period compared to other stations, it was chosen as the selected station in Tehran. Drought indices are used as an index to track and quantify drought, this research is SPI index with DIC software has been used to evaluate the drought. in this index Precipitation, which has been one of its main components, whose output and results are more consistent with reality.

The results using the Mann-Kendall test showed that the examination of temperature changes in the stations (Mehrabad, Shemiran, Abali) was an increasing trend. Rainfall in most months of the year is a stable trend, only jumps are observed which can be justified by the increase in the frequency of rainfall. In the simulation with the CanESM5 model under the SSP5 scenario at Mehrabad station, the highest temperature was assigned to July and the highest rainfall will be in March. in this research, The drought survey showed that Mehrabad station experienced severe drought only during 1989-1993, while the duration of the drought period was longer in Abali and Shemiran stations and both of them faced very severe drought in 2014. in addition, this Investigation of three stations with a common period of 32 years in Tehran shows that Tehran has overcome the drought situation in recent years; But most of the time, the region may be in close to normal climatic conditions. But the risk of dry to very dry conditions will be very close. On the other, the results confirmed that drought depends on both rainfall and temperature.

As drought depends on both precipitation and temperature, The more the drought is accompanied by the trend of increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation, and the prediction of climate models, the more likely it is that climate change will occur due to global warming. As a result, the temperature of Tehran will increase. And while the rainfall is decreasing, it will be fluctuating and torrential. so In the future, Tehran's climate will have more fluctuations in rainfall and will be warmer than the current conditions. In addition, rains will occur more randomly but with more intensity. Tehran has had a drought in recent years, but most of the time the region has been in near-normal climatic conditions, but is the risk of dry and very dry conditions. This factor will create environmental challenges in the future. In addition to this, it is necessary to have a plan for climate risk management in the future due to the new climate of Tehran, which is prone to drought.

This study has analyzed dating methods used in paleoclimatological studies. The method was review, document, and library. The statistical complex under study was among 2579 valid scientific works, between 1974-2023 in a period of 49 years, of which 108 scientific sources related to age measurement methods in Iran and internationally have been identified and analyzed. The articles have been received from domestic databases (Irandoc, Noormags, Elmnet, Magiran, Ensani, SID) and international databases (Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar). The keywords searched in these databases included climatic reconstruction, dating, and Quaternary. The results of this research showed that the most dating methods in paleoclimatology studies are carbon-14, oxygen isotope, tree chronology, and luminescence, respectively, and most dating studies have been done with the carbon-14 method. In terms of the spatial distribution of the conducted studies; In Iran, most of the studies have focused on the level fluctuations of Lake Urmia, and at the international level in China (Tibetan Plateau). Based on the review of sources, the first study area of paleoclimate in Iran was Zaribar Lake and it was done in 1961. Focusing more thematic studies on the topics of climate change, droughts, and droughts; in terms of time scale, it is Holocene and Quaternary. Based on the studies reviewed in this research, Iran's climate has changed from a hot and humid climate to a temperate climate since the Cretaceous period and experienced dry periods in the Central Plateau during the Pleistocene. Since the climate change caused by global warming has intensified since the Quaternary period, therefore, the use of dating methods for paleoclimate studies can be somewhat appropriate in terms of planning and risk management with regard to the new and advancing climate of the world.

Today, Iran is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its geographical and climatic features. One of the most important negative effects of climate change is the increase in temperature, which can increase the risk of wildfires. Wildfires are an environmental challenge and one of the threats to a large part of the forests in the world, including Iran. This study aims to investigate the effect of global warming on the increase in the risk of wildfires in Iran by using remote sensing technology and spatial analysis. 

The temperature data of the synoptic stations (Mehrabad, Yazd, Bam, Shiraz, Isfahan and Bushehr) in a 32-year period from 1988 to 2020 were first prepared from the Meteorological Organization. Then, Excel macros and XLSTAT plugin were used to check the temperature trend. To identify the vegetation cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used from the Landsat 8 satellite with a spatial resolution of 27.84 meters, whose source of data was the Google Earth Engine. Then, the parameters of elevation, slope, aspect, and amount of solar radiation were used to calculate the topography. To identify the spatial distribution of fire occurrence, the kernel density estimation (KDN) was used by classification of areas into low-risk and high-risk areas based on NASA’s MODIS C6 satellite images (2000-2023).

The results of examining the temperature trend in all stations in the 32-year period showed an increasing and significant trend at 95 and 99% confidence intervals. This could be due the increase of greenhouse gases in urban centers, which is logical. The results of the NDVI showed that areas with high vegetation density were more susceptible to wildfires. Investigation of the solar radiation area showed that the northern highlands of Tehran, the banks of the Caspian Sea and northern areas of Iran, northwestern Iran (Ardebil and Tabriz cities), and central Iran (Kerman, Isfahan, Yazd and Shiraz cities) had a high pixel value, indicating that the amount of solar radiation was higher in these regions than in other regions of Iran. Finally, the spatial distribution map and the KDN showed that the provinces of Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad and Khuzestan were more prone to a wildfires.

Iran has faced climate change caused by global warming. Considering the new climate of Iran, which will be hotter and dryer, it will be more prone to wildfires. Therefore, comprehensive planning to reduce the effect of climate change is needed in the field of crisis management in Iran, which can help reduce the vulnerability and increase resilience.

Many studies have investigated ankle sprain injury and it has been reported that in 80% of cases, ankle sprains lead to functional ankle instability (FAI). The conventional exercises for FAI rehabilitation neglect the associated neurocognitive dysfunction.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Wii Fit Plus as a virtual reality training on neurocognitive function in athletes with FAI compared to athletes without FAI.

In this matched randomized clinical trial study, 25 athletes with unilateral FAI and 25 athletes without FAI were assigned to two groups randomly: 1) the intervention group, subjects performed the Wii training including balance and strengthening games three times a week for 12 sessions and 2) subjects in the control group received no intervention. Before and after the training, the neurocognitive function was assessed through the computerized-reaction time test based on the detection or identification of ‘X’ mark on a computer monitor. Between-groups and within-group comparisons were done by the independent T-test and paired T-test, respectively.

A significant difference was observed in mean differences of neurocognitive function between athletes with and without FAI. Comprising before and after training was significant in the intervention group. 

Based on the results, the information-processing speed of athletes with FAI increased after the training, utilized for rehabilitation protocols.

Functional ankle instability (FAI) is a common injury. Traditional training improved the reported balance impairment and subjective sense of instability in athletes with FAI.

This study aims to compare the effects of traditional and virtual reality training on a subjective sense of instability and balance in athlete with FAI.

In this single-blinded matched randomized clinical trial design, Fifty-four basketball players were randomly assigned in the virtual reality (n=27) or control (n=27) groups. All athletes performed 12 sessions Wii exercises or traditional training in the virtual reality and the control group, respectively, for three days a week. To assess the subjective-sense of instability and balance, we used Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. Measures were taken at pre- and post-test and one month after training as a follow-up. The between-group comparisons were done by the analysis of Covariance.

At the pre-test, the CAIT score was 22.37, 22.04 in the control and virtual reality groups, respectively and at the post-test, these scores increased to 26.63, 27.26. The involved limb showed significant differences in posteromedial and posterior directions of the SEBT and CAIT score in the post-test and in the posterior direction and CAIT score in the follow-up. The virtual reality group had better performance than the control group but the effect size is small (cohen’s d<0.2). 

Based on our results, both training protocols were effective in reducing the subjective-sense of instability and improved balance in athletes with FAI. Moreover, virtual reality training was very attractive for the participants.

Smart homes could have a significant impact on supplying the demand of both household consumers and smart grid. The household consumers can trade energy via peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading to reduce their cost. In other words, each of them can participate in the smart grid as a prosumer that can both produce and consume energy. On the other hand, the more participation of smart homes in the demand-side management (DSM) program could help to electricity decentralization. Also, the energy storage systems (ESSs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) can lead to further decentralization of a smart microgrid. The production of renewable energy resources, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are associated with uncertainty. The ESSs could able to be used as a reserve of PV systems. This paper presents a new risk-based model for P2P energy management of smart homes consist of PV system and EES and participate in the DSM program. The risk associated with the uncertainties of PVs’ production and market price has been modeled by conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). The mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model of the problem has been solved by COUENNE in GAMS software. Numerical results show the expected cost of all resources and the related risk is reduced by the proposed decision making model for smart homes.

The phenomenon of climate change and global warming is one of the biggest challenges of the present age, which has affected the hydrological cycle on a global and regional scale. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on torrential rains And Temprature, Rainfall, Run off  in Tehran province. In this study, changes in torrential rainfall in Tehran and the frequency and intensity of torrential rainfall in the future and climate change and the rate of increase of floods on periodic floods have been investigated.

This research has been done in two study discussions (meteorological, hydrological). First, parameters (temperature and precipitation) for synoptic stations (Abali, Shemiran, Mehrabad) for the period (1988-2020) were received from the Meteorological Organization and rainfall and runoff data from hydrometric stations were received from the Tehran Regional Water Authority. Down Scaling model and methods in this research SDSM-DC, Mann-Kendall, Rclimdex, XLSTAT, to simulate future floods and SMADA, HEC-HMS model to simulate floods in current and future periods have been used.

The results showed that the temperature extreme indices in all stations had an increasing trend and the precipitation indices had an increasing trend only in Abali station. But rainfall in Shemiran and Mehrabad stations had a decreasing trend. Examination of rainfall changes using Mann-Kendall test in most months of the year shows a stable trend and jumps are observed in the rainy months, which can be justified by the increase in rainfall frequency. In the CanESM Model 2 simulation, emphasizing the RCP8.5 release scenario, an increasing temperature trend was observed for the coming decades. The highest temperature increase belongs to Mehrabad station with an average temperature increase of 5.1 percent for the period 2021-2083. The highest rainfall for all three stations is estimated in March next year. Therefore, with the increase of temperature trend, changes in the type of precipitation have occurred, which can be affected by urban microclimate. Simulation of the rainfall-runoff model of the basin with the HEC-HMS model showed that the volume of discharge in the future will be reduced by 5 percent and for return periods, the maximum discharge is estimated at 1501.7 cubic meters.

Due to Rainfall behavior is expected to increase in the coming decades, while reducing its fluctuations. It is predicted that the climate of Tehran in the future will have more fluctuations in precipitation and warmer than the current situation, and this increase and frequency of precipitation is likely to increase flood frequency and reinforce its occurrence, while rainfall will occur more accidentally but with greater intensity, leading to environmental and urban hazards.

Introduction Landslide occurrence is caused by severe ground movement and fault fractures that lead to structural damage, road blockage, human death, and significant damage to other features. Landslide is one of the most destructive natural phenomena that can cause great damage to property and human loss. One of the basic measures to reduce potential damage is to identify landslide-prone areas. Due to the location of most cities in the mountainous and foothill areas and the topographic, geological, and geomorphological features, the natural conditions are vulnerable to a wide range of landslides. Tehran, as the largest city in Iran, has almost 12% of the total population of the country and is partly located in the foothills and mountainous areas. Tehran, has many important infrastructures, including crowded roads, and a large population, therefore, determining areas prone to future landslides is an important management issue. Also, debris flow is one of the main factors that cause serious damage to properties. Thus quantitative assessment and management are required to reduce the possible damages. In addition, technologies are needed to assess disaster prevention facilities and structures in disaster-prone areas. Therefore, using combined methods for landslide susceptibility areas can be very effective in managing the risk of reducing casualties.Materials and MethodsIn this study, the effective factors on landslide occurrence such as rainfall, earthquake, vegetation, land use, geology, river, fault, slope and aspect, and roads are employed using an integrated approach. Then, spatial analysis was performed in ArcGIS using Euclidean distance and Curvature functions. The Haraz and Lavasanat roads were selected as a case study, and each of the criteria was examined and classified using the Euclidean distance method and inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique.Results and Discussion The results showed that the areas facing northeast and southwest parts were ranked 1st and the rest of the area was ranked 0. The areas with slope values higher than 50%, had a higher risk of landslide. The curvature of the selected main and secondary roads was located in convex hillslopes indicating the areas at a high-risk level. These Haraz and Lavasan roads are at risk of slipping during rain, earthquakes, and other hazards. According to the area obtained from the regional statistical properties.Conclusion The mountainous roads of Tehran are vulnerable to landslide and debris flows due to the geographical location, and the existence of faults. The excessive interference in the nature and increase of additional load on the slopes and excessive influence on agricultural and road use are important reasons for instability in the slope and increasing the debris flow in these land uses. The controlling of landslide and debris flow phenomena depends on a comprehensive management plan. Factors such as population growth, land-use change, and climate change are intensifying the landslide and debris flow occurrence. Since rainfall is one of the accelerating the occurrence of natural disasters, the existence of a management system such as an early warning to the endangered population is necessary.

The cause of COVID-19 global pandemic is SARS-CoV-2. Given the outbreak of this disease, it is so important to find a treatment. One strategy to cope with COVID-19 is to use the active ingredients of medicinal plants. In this study, the effect of active substances was surveyed in inhibiting four important druggable targets, including S protein, 3CLpro, RdRp, and N protein. RdRp controls the replication of SARSCoV-2 and is crucial for its life cycle. 3CLpro is the main protease of the virus and could be another therapeutic target. Moreover, N protein and S protein are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 assembly and attaching, respectively.

The 3D structures of herbal active ingredients were prepared and docked with the mentioned SARS-CoV-2 proteins to obtain their affinity. Then, available antiviral drugs introduced in other investigations were docked using similar tools and compared with the results of this study. Finally, other properties of natural compounds were uncovered for drug designing.

The outcomes of the study revealed that Linarin, Amentoflavone, (-)- Catechin Gallate and Hypericin from Chrysanthemum morifolium, Hypericum perforatum, Humulus lupulus, and Hibiscus sabdariffa had the highest affinity for these basic proteins and in some cases, their affinity was much higher than antiviral medicines.

In addition to having high affinity, these herb active ingredients have antioxidant, vasoprotective, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral properties. Therefore, they can be used as extremely safe therapeutic compounds in drug design studies to control COVID-19.

Problem statement: 

Painting is considered as a way for understanding and reviving the principles in Persian -Islamic architecture. In order to understand these paintings, their features should be identified, and the governing principles as well as depicting architecture should be achieved. Evaluating the creation of space and using the principles of Persian architecture by the Iranian artist in his works help to understand Persian paintings better. In addition, the lack of a coherent and systematic method for expressing and understanding the images of paintings, as the historical documents of Islamic architecture, necessitates the recognition of these two arts more than ever.Research question: Which principles and points can be understood by evaluating the role of Persian architecture in traditional miniature paintings and matching to historical monuments?

The present comparative study of the basic concepts related to Persian architecture with painting aimed to find the most widely used principles and concepts of Persian architecture manifested in the  paintings.

In the present qualitative and comparative study, the sources were collected by the library method and analyzed using qualitative analysis and graphical analysis.

The findings indicated that Iranian painters have painted by following the principles of Persian architecture fully and consciously and using the measures that showed convergence and compliance with the principles in architecture. Subsequently, proving the convergence of the principles in painting with the principles of Persian architecture indicated that the common principles in the concept of diversity  in unity, which is one of the basic concepts in Persian -Islamic architecture, had the greatest manifestation in painting.

Ankle sprain is a common sports injury that can cause Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). Neurocognitive function impairment had been reported in subjects with musculoskeletal injuries. Consequently, information processing deficits might be associated with FAI. This study aimed to compare information processing speed and accuracy in athletes with and without FAI.

Eighteen control healthy male basketball players and 18 male basketball players with FAI voluntarily participated in the study. They were matched according to age, height, weight, duration of physical activity, and upper-limb dominance. The neurocognitive function of subjects was assessed with the computerized neurocognitive test. The computerized neurocognitive assessment is based on the presentation of ‘X’ on a computer monitor and includes detection (i.e. simple reaction time [SRT]) or identification (i.e. Choice Reaction Time [CRT]).

Significant differences were observed between study groups in the SRT, CRT, and the number of errors (P<0.001). Subjects in the control group had a shorter reaction time and fewer errors.

Athletes with FAI had significantly slower reaction times. FAI affects processing speed and accuracy, which may be modifiable through the performance of exercises designed to accelerate neurocognitive processing of visual input.

The neuroprotective effects of duloxetine and neurodegenerative effects of methamphetamine have been shown in previous studies, but their exact mechanism remain unclear. In the current study it involved molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effects of duloxetine against methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration were clarified.

About 40 adult male rats randomly were divided to 5 groups. Group 1 and 2, as control and methamphetamine treated, received normal saline and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 concurrently treated with methamphetamine and duloxetine at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg respectively. All treatments were undertaken for 21 days. On day 22 Open Field Test (OFT) were used to examine the level of motor activity disturbance and anxiety in animals. After that hippocampus was isolated from each rat and oxidative, antioxidant, inflammatory factors and also level or expression of total and phosphorylated forms of CREB and P‑CREB and BDNF proteins were measured.

Duloxetine in all mentioned doses could inhibit the effects of methamphetamine induced motor activity disturbance in MWM. Chronic abuse of methamphetamine could increase malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor‑Alpha (TNF‑α) and interleukine‑1beta (IL‑1β) while caused decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and decreased CREB (both forms) and BDNF proteins, while duloxetine could prevent these malicious effects of methamphetamine.

We conclude that P‑CREB/ BDNF signaling pathways might have critical role in duloxetine neuroprotective effects against methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration.

Episiotomy is the most prevalent obstetrical procedure with the purpose of either widening vaginal outlet or helping the fetus to deliver as soon as possible with the most feto-maternal safety. The aim of this study is to find out the effects of topical phenytoin cream on wound repair in primiparous women. One-hundred-thirty primiparous mothers were referred to Kowsar Hospital in Qazvin province participated in this clinical trial. Sixty-five participants were assigned in each of intervention and control groups. The intervention group was treated with topical 1% Phenytoin cream and 10% povidone-iodine (betadine) solution and the control group received placebo and betadine solution.
Wound irrigation with betadine was performed as the routine order in the hospital, three times daily and two centimeters of topical phenytoin or placebo cream, were applied to the wound twice daily. The rate of episiotomy repair was measured by REEDA index in the first 24 h, the fifth and the tenth puerperal day. Data analyses were done t-test and chi-square test and Mann-Whitney. In the first 24 h, it was 6.43 ± 2.15 in the intervention group versus 6.52 ± 5.09 in the control group with no significant difference. However on The 5th day, it appeared 4.56 ± 3.01 in the intervention group versus 6.54 ± 2.98 in the control group (p < 0.001), likewise it was 5.82 ± 2.83 in the control group on the tenth day (p < 0.001). Significant difference was detected both in the 5th and 10th postpartum days. The result of this trial suggested that 1% phenytoin cream speeds-up the wound healing process; therefore it could be applied for accelerating episiotomy repair.

Doping corrosion inhibitor in a host structure (container) draws much attention among the researchers. This system, called smart corrosion inhibition, is designed not only to avoid undesirable reactions between the corrosion inhibitor and the matrix but also letting the inhibitor to be consumed just where it is needed. Moreover, in some cases, this system can undergo self-healing properties, if the coating is scratched. A lot of strategies are suggested to achieve these purposes, including loading corrosion inhibitor in nano-micro capsules, doping corrosion inhibitor in porous containers and etc. Other reservoirs that can be loaded with corrosion inhibitor are nanotubes, ion exchange particles, conductive materials, layer by layer polyelectrolytes, and porous materials. For instance, multi-layer polyelectrolytes can be used to immobilize the corrosion inhibitor. Changing the system conditions can cause polyelectrolytes to weaken, and letting the corrosion inhibitor release. In general, an ion exchange occurs between corrosive ions and inhibitor's in the system, or the inhibitor is released due to local pH changes, or as a long-term diffusion, the inhibitor can avoid corrosion reaction. Therefore, some changes are needed in the system to commence smart corrosion inhibition process.

To assess the reliability of neurocognitive and functional performance tests in athletes with and without functional ankle instability (FAI).
In this methodological study, 20 athletes with unilateral functional ankle instability (mean age [SD]: 23.40[2.58] y; mean height[SD]: 1.77[0.11] m; mean weight[SD]: 67.00[13.18] kg) and 20 uninjured athletes (mean age[SD]: 23.05[2.72] y; mean height: 1.77[0.13] m; mean weight: 66.35[12.21] kg) matched by sex, sports type and level, age, limb dominance, height, and weight were sampled by convenient method from Karaj volleyball and basketball super league members. Functional performance tests (FPTs) included the star excursion balance test (SEBT), figure-of-8, side, square, and single hop tests. Neurocognitive function was assessed with the Deary-Liewald reaction task (DLRT) including simple and choice reaction times and error rate. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) tests were calculated using SPSS software version 16.
There were no statistically significant differences between 2 groups with regard to age (P=0.641), weight (P=0.872), height (P=0.989), and duration of physical activity (P=0.94). Generally, high to very high level of reliability were determined with ICC ranging from 0.74 to 0.99, and 0.91 to 0.99 and SEM ranging from 0.03 to 0.69, and 0.00 to 0.03 for hop tests and SEBT, respectively. Furthermore, ICC values ranged from 0.78 to 0.96 and SEM values from 0.24 to 23.77 for neurocognitive test.
Reliability of the FPTs was found to be high to very high in this study. SEBT seems to be a highly reliable and applicable test to use in clinical and research practice. Although not as reliable as the SEBT, hop test seems also to be a reliable tool to assess the dynamic performance of patients with FAI. The results suggest that DLRT has an acceptable reliability for the measurement of neurocognitive function in patients with FAI