فهرست مطالب nina mirani

On one hand, countries dependent on oil revenue have reached the conclusion that oil cannot be a reliable source of income and the oil dependent economy has become a major challenge for oil-exporting countries. On the other hand, in recent years tourism has become one of the most dynamic sectors of global economy and income from different capacities of the tourism industry is sought to replace the income from oil sales. Medical tourism is one of the important areas of the tourism industry. In this study, the effect of institutional indicators on medical tourism in Iran have been investigated using an optimization approach. The results of the study indicate that, Improvement in institutional quality index, gross fixed capital investment in public and private hospitals, gross fixed capital in tourism services, as well as an increase in the number of service providers to medical tourists, including general practitioners and specialists, and an increase in real effective exchange rates in Iran has led to an increase in the attraction of medical tourists to the country.

To enrich the complex process of development and the role of human resources as one of its main factors, it is essential to review the role of the human resources, especially the role of women, who constitute half of the world population. In recent years, the new socio-economic phenomenon of the female participation in the labor market has emerged. Empowering women and removing the obstacles improve the political, social and economic conditions of the society, as it brings about the sustainable growth and development. The present paper gives an analysis on the relationship between the variables affecting economic growth during the period 1380- 1393, with emphasis on the role of employment and education of women. Then, by using the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Firefly Algorithm (FA), the economic development of the country is estimated in the form of non-linear equations with emphasis on the rate of the economic participation of women and their education. The findings indicate that increasing rate of women's economic participation in the labor market has a positive and significant impact on the country's GDP as the growth of the literacy level in form of an intersection variable has a positive impact on the rate of the women's economic participation and as a whole on GDP.

Exchange rate as one of the key variables of the economy plays an important role in determining the import price index. Therefore, knowledge of the empirical relationship between exchange rate and import price index, which is known in economic literature as Exchange Rate Pass-Through is important and can help economic officials on how choose their economic policies. Empirical studies conducted during the past decade show that the Exchange Rate Pass-Through on the import price index is affected by many factors such as inflation. According to the fact that during the last three decades, Iran's economy has experienced relatively high and persistent rate of inflation, in this study by using time series data over the period of 1971- 2012, examined the role of inflation in exchange rate pass-through to the import price index.Results indicate an incomplete pass-through of exchange rates to the import price index. The results also indicate that the exchange rate pass- through to import price index increases in high and intermediate levels of inflation, however, the pass-through in the high inflation level is lower than intermediate inflation.

In today's competitive environment, for every country, product growth and stabilizing economic fluctuations are the main macroeconomic objectives. Using knowledge-based economy or knowledge-based indicators are one of the most important demand management tools. Knowledge is considered to be the main capital; and economic growth is rooted in the accumulation of knowledge and as a source of knowledge accumulation technology, innovation and entrepreneurship. Hence, with regard to the economy of Iran, it is important to examine the effects of knowledge economy on product growth. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of knowledge economy on output growth using models based on conventional economic growth. Data was extracted from the Central Bank from the annual time series during the period of 1353- 1391, Using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Firefly Algorithm (FA), the effects of knowledge based economy indicators, including, education and human resources, information and communication technology, capital and trade openness, on output, was tested. Based on the research findings, the hypothesis of the study, including the positive impact of knowledge economy and its effects on GDP growth was accepted.

Economic growth as a main development indicator is of special importance in each economy. As a result, investigating the factors affecting the economic growth is important. Resilient economic pattern means a set of principles that provides a framework for improving national economy under the economic sanctions. Given that the global oil market and the Iranian exchange rate market have been highly volatile in the past four decades, and Western block’ sanctions against Iran have affected this volatility, determination of the severity and how to impact of oil and exchange rate shocks on the Iranian economy is of great importance. This study examines the relationships among oil price fluctuations, exchange rate fluctuations and the impacts of economic sanctions on Iran's GDP using annual time-series during 1971- 2012. To this end, first indexes for the uncertainty caused by the fluctuations of oil prices and exchange rates are estimated using GARCH model, then the interactions among variables are investigated using Vector Auto-regressive model, and finally the long-term relationships of variables under study are derived via Co-integration Model. The findings suggest that long-term fluctuations in oil prices have positive effects on gross domestic product; however, exchange rate fluctuations have negative impacts on gross domestic product.