فهرست مطالب olumakinde charles omiyale

One of the most significant seeds crops in the world, Sorghum bicolor, is recognized for its vibrant phytochemicals, which may have medicinal uses. The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Sorghum bicolor seeds. The ethanol and methanol extracts of these plants were subjected to antidiabetic conditioning using methods such as glucose adsorption capacity, muscle glucose uptake, and yeast glucose uptake, while iron-sulphate and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation were used to analyse the antioxidant capabilities. The results demonstrate that Sorghum bicolor's ethanol and methanol extracts adsorbed glucose, with the concentration of glucose adsorption rising as extract concentrations did. The muscle glucose uptake levels and glucose adsorption capabilities differed significantly (p ≤0.05). The yeast cells' ability to absorb glucose was likewise enhanced by the plant extracts, and glucose uptake was measured. In the brain and liver of iron-sulfurate-induced lipid peroxidation, the MDA (malondialdehyde) product was considerably (p ≤0.05) elevated. However, there was no significant change in the MDA product of sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation. The ethanol and methanol extracts of Sorghum bicolor were found to have further potential as antioxidant and anti-glycemic agents, respectively, in this study.

Morinda lucida, known as the Brimstone tree in Nigeria, is valued for its medicinal and agricultural uses in West Africa. This study investigates the antifungal properties of methanolic extracts from Morinda lucida against common fungal pathogens. Fresh leaves were collected from Ogbomosho, Oyo state, Nigeria, authenticated, and processed into powder. Methanolic extraction yielded a crude extract, which underwent phytochemical screening, revealing various bioactive compounds. The antifungal activity was evaluated against fungi like Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae, showing significant inhibitory effects comparable to Nystatin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each strain, highlighting broad-spectrum efficacy, particularly against Trichoderma harzianum. A pathogenicity test on oranges confirmed the extract's ability to inhibit fungal growth. This study contributes to research on natural antifungal agents, supporting Morinda lucida's traditional use in agriculture and healthcare. The extract shows promise for further development, pending studies on its mechanism, safety, and applications.

Medicinal plants are the most easily accessible health resource for the community and frequently the people’s preferred option. Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) is a member of the Cucurbitaceous plant used as a vegetable and in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water extract of Momordica charantia leaves on male Balb/c mice with acute ulcerative colitis. 28 male mice were acclimatized and equally divided into four groups. The control group was given normal saline; the dextran sulphate sodium group (DSS) received 3% Dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for seven days; the water extract of Momordica charantia + dextran sulphate sodium group (WEMC+DSS) received water extract of Momordica Charantia for seven days before dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) was administered; the water extract of Momordica charantia group (WEMC) received water extract of Momordica charantia (150mg/kg b.wt.) for 14 days. The mice were daily weighed and sacrificed on the 15th day of the experiment. Their colon and brain were collected for evaluation of disease activity indices (DAI) of colitis, and oxidative and inflammatory damage via biochemical and histological assessments. Results obtained showed no significant difference at (p<0.05) in DAI among the groups. The WEMC+DSS when compared with the DSS group had significantly higher catalase (272.9±54.8, 175.1+12.5, and 200.2±29.7), superoxide dismutase–SOD (347.7±37.5, 223.9±13.1, and 254.9±38.8), and glutathione peroxidase –GPx (28.6±2.20, 27.3±1.24, and 27.8±1.57) activities, and SOD/ (catalase+GPX) ratio (0.01±0.00, 0.003±0.00, and 0.01±0.002) and reduced hydrogen peroxide concentration (7.63±0.54, 4.33±1.28, and 5.71±0.75) in both colon and brain cytosolic fractions, respectively. Histological examination showed transmural inflammation in the DSS group as against mild mucosal inflammation in WEMC+DSS. This result shows that water extract of Momordica charantia has the potential to reduce colitis-induced oxidative damage and inflammation. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the water extract of Momordica charantia leaves has the potential to mitigate oxidative damage and inflammation induced by ulcerative colitis in male Balb/c mice. Although there was no significant difference in disease activity indices among the groups, the group treated with the water extract of Momordica charantia before DSS administration showed significantly higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activities and lower levels of hydrogen peroxide concentration in both colon and brain cytosolic fractions compared to the DSS group.

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more prevalent, which presents as an urgent risk to world-wide well-being, necessitating an urgent exploration of its mechanisms, implications, and potential mitigation strategies. This review provides an overview of the growing antibiotic resistance phenomenon within the realm of gram-positive bacteria, with a specific focus on three major pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These pathogens, once susceptible to conventional antibiotics, have displayed remarkable adaptability to develop resistance, rendering standard treatment regimens ineffective. This review outlines the objectives of understanding the mechanisms underlying the emergence of resistance, deciphering the clinical impact of resistance development, and highlighting the potential interventions to mitigate the crisis. This review also highlights a comprehensive exploration of the interaction between these pathogens and the selective pressure of antibiotics, horizontal gene transfer, and genetic mutations are central themes elucidated in this study. The clinical implications of these emerging resistance mechanisms, including treatment failure, increased morbidity, and mortality, emphasize the urgency of addressing this escalating concern.Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of alternative strategies, such as combination therapies, synergistic approaches, and the revival of older antibiotics, in combating gram-positive bacterial resistance. The study aims to provide insights into the novel strategies that hold promise for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics.The review aims to contribute to the global efforts in curbing the antibiotic resistance crisis.

The objective of the current study was to assess the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya's hypoglycemic effects. Yeast glucose uptake, muscle glucose uptake, and glucose adsorption capacity were used to measure the extracts' in vitro hypoglycemic effects. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed by investigating how they affect lipid peroxidation brought on by iron (II) sulphate and sodium nitroprusside. The findings showed that glucose was absorbed by both the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya, and that this adsorption significantly increased as the concentration of glucose rose. There were no variations in their adsorption capabilities that were statistically significant (p=0.05). The yeast cells were also stimulated to take up glucose by the plant extracts, and this stimulation was influenced by the sample and glucose content. In the study's muscle glucose uptake, the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves showed substantially greater (p=0.05) performance than the methanolic of the same leaves with increasing concentration. The study's findings showed that the plant's methanolic extract was substantially more potent than its ethanolic (p=0.05). In addition, the methanolic extract considerably inhibited the generation of MDA (malondialdehyde) in the liver and brain homogenates more than the ethanolic extract did. Both plant extracts also exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of the various pro-oxidant agents (Iron (II) Sulphate and sodium nitroprusside) caused fatty acid oxidation tissues present in the brain and liver.

Diarrhea results in the disruption of intestinal architecture and marked decrease in the activity of intestinal brush border enzymes, including Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This study was done to determine how well jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) based oral rehydration solution (ORS) can improve intestinal enzyme activity in diarrheagenic rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups; the control group (animal received distilled water and rat chow), Group A (animals were induced with diarrhea and left untreated), Group B (animal were induced with diarrhea and treated with World Health Organization Glucose Electrolyte Solution (WHO GES), while Group C (animal were induced diarrhea with jicama-based ORS (JB-ORS). Diarrhea was induced by feeding the animal with 5ml/100g body weight of 20% solution of D- mannitol daily. After treatment, the rats were sacrificed under ketamine anesthesia, dissected and their small intestines were removed, homogenized, and assayed for alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Jicama ORS increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels (higher than WHO-ORS) and resulted in the normalization of body weights in rats following diarrhea induction. The results suggest that jicama could be used as food-based ORS to restore to normal metabolic activities in diarrheic condition.