فهرست مطالب omid mozafari

The introduction of digital technologies into medical education systems has introduced new challenges in this field. The issue of ethics in medical education is one of the essential elements in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the place of ethics in the field of electronic learning in medical education.

This study is a systematic review which presents the findings obtained from a systematic review of researches on using ethical standards in e-learning in medicine. Systematic search according to the keywords of the systematic search was extracted and exploited in 4 external databases: Scopus, Springer, PubMed, and Web of Science, and 3 internal databases: SID, Magiran, and Irandoc. A systematic search was conducted in November 2022 and updated in March 2023, and reached 36 studies, and finally, 14 studies meeting the criteria for in-depth analysis were determined.

The analysis of the selected researches based on specific criteria showed that compliance with professional ethics had a positive effect on the field of electronic learning in the field of medicine. It has also made this field more efficient, and people trust it more.

The results of the present study showed that e-learning based on professional ethics standards in the field of medical education provides a suitable platform for effective learning and improving the performance of the learners.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. In this study, we summarize the results of studies on the disease and its causative agent Leishmania in humans, vectors and reservoirs in the Golestan Province, Iran.

We retrieved all articles related to leishmaniasis in the Golestan Province, northern Iran from 1994 to 2018 in various databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Articles in Persian were retrieved from the IranMedex, SID and Magiran. Reference lists of relevant articles were also hand-searched. Local active researchers in the field of leishmaniasis were contacted to avoid missing any relevant articles. Overall, 54 papers were extracted, later evaluated by two research team members based on inclusion criteria. All analyses were performed using the Stata 14 software. Pooled prevalence was calculated using the metaprop command and a random-effect model. The I² statistic was used for measuring heterogeneity of studies.

Ten articles in the province were related to detection of Leishmania species in patients with suspected cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. Fifteen articles were dedicated to identification of Leishmania species in disease reservoirs and five articles were about detection of the parasite in sand flies. The pooled prevalence of L. major in patients with acute ulcer, wild rodents and sandflies was 83%, 29% and 11%, respectively.

Our findings highlight the need for implementation of control measures among the reservoirs of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Golestan Province, Iran.

In addition to breastfeeding, weaning is an important phase in the life of mother and child. Negligence during this stage could result in profound negative effects on the physical and mental health of the child and even the mother.

 This was a descriptive review study. The content related to the infant weaning in the viewpoint of traditional Persian medicine manuscripts was studied. For this purpose, 7 books from the most prestigious sources of Persian medicine including Exir Azam, The Canon of Medicine, Kholase al Hekma, Mofarah al-Gholoob, Kamel al-Sanaah al-Tibbiyah, Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb, and Zakhire Kharazmshahi were selected. Searching the traditional medicine sources was conducted using the keywords: breast, sodae, morzaeh, and breast milk. Moreover, the keywords of Milk Production, Lactation, Weaning, and Breastfeeding in both Persian and English languages were searched in the scientific databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SID. The content related to the lactation and howness of weaning was extracted and summarized.

In ancient medical texts of Iran, the weaning of the baby from mother has been reported. It was believed that the best duration for breastfeeding is about one year and nine months to two years of age. The best season for weaning is spring and then autumn. Weaning is not recommended during summer. Also, it should be noted that the child should not become dehydrated during the weaning. Accordingly, it is advisable to consume sufficient fluids including cucumber juice, buttermilk, and purslane extract as well as local application of henna on the palm and head as for the preventive of dehydration.

Studying traditional Persian medicine texts and using their recommendations (after updating them in the light of current methodologies) may help us for better management of the weaning process with the least physical and psychological consequences. These recommendations are harmless and specialized for each individual considering the seasons with their appropriate diet.

zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is one of the most important health problems in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. Several studies have investigated various aspects of the disease in this province. Herein, we provide a detailed review of the results of all studies related to leishmaniasis to give a reliable insight into the state of the disease in this province.

The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restriction until the beginning of 2019.  Articles in Persian were retrieved from the Magiran, Scientific Information Database, and IranMedex. Overall, 41 articles were subjected to content analysis under the different themes.

Counties of Gonbad-e-Kavus and Maraveh Tappeh are endemic areas of ZCL with an incidence rate 99.4-379.1 in 100000 population and has mesoendemic situation in these counties. Leishmania major is the dominant (99.1%) agent of leishmaniasis. Among 18 sandflies species detected in the province, Phlebotomus papatasi was the main vector of the disease with a mean infection rate of 9.2%. Peak of sandflies activity was recorded in the mid-July and mid-September. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones libycus were the main reservoirs of this disease with a mean infection rate of 25.3 and 31.8%. The density of sandflies and wild rodents were highest in the endemic areas for ZCL.

In Golestan Province, ZCL has been in a hypoendemic situation and in some areas in a mesoendemic situation and has increased significantly in recent years, so it is recommended to investigate the reasons for this increase.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin disease manifested as chronic ulcerative skin lesions. Current standard therapies for this disease are associated with some problems such as high cost, numerous side effects, need for injections, and drug resistance. Sambucus ebulus is used in treatment of skin inflammation. This study aimed at investigating the effects of S. ebulus leaf extract on cutaneous leishmanisis.

This clinical trial was performed in 110 patients who were divided into intervention (n=55) and control groups (n=55). All patients received the standard treatment for leishmanisis. In addition, the intervention group received topical treatment of S. ebulus leaf extract 5%, while the control group received placebo. The therapy was continued until complete epithelialization of the lesions. Before the intervention and at the end of each week (until complete epithelialization of the lesions), healing progress and clinical characteristics of the lesions, including the size, induration, and degree of epithelialization were recorded.

The intervention accelerated the decrease in mean diameter of lesions (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on the mean duration of therapy (P=0.31), treatment outcome (P=0.87), degree of recovery (P= 0.95).

The use of S. ebulus leaf extract ointment (5%) along with the standard therapy showed no effect on the treatment outcome of lesions caused by cutaneous leishmaniasis.

It has been proposed that lipid markers may predict cardiovascular events; however, their effect may vary depending on the type of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lipid markers on death from coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in competing risks setting. Participants included 2502 women and 2020 men, age 40 years or older from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The association between total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with hazard and cumulative incidence of CHD and stroke was investigated using cause-specific hazard and sub-distribution hazard models. Statistical analyses were performed using “risk regression” and “cmprsk” package in R 3.3.2. One standard deviation (SD) increase in TC and LDL-C increased the hazard of CHD death by 1.42 (CI=1.07,1.89) and 1.41 (CI=1.04,1.93), respectively. 1-SD increase in TG increased the cumulative incidence of CHD death increased by 1.94 (CI=1.02,3.75) in women. Other risk factors were not associated with the hazard and cumulative incidence of CHD in women, men and the total sample. In addition, none of lipids had a significant effect on the hazard and cumulative incidence of stroke in men, women and the total sample. The associations of lipid components on CHD death were modified by gender. TC, LDL-C and TG were independent predictors of CHD mortality in women. Furthermore, death due to stroke changes the association of lipid markers with CHD mortality.

Varicocele has a relatively high prevalence in men and is a major cause of infertility in men. The disease has been discussed extensively in Persian medicine textbooks. Considering the importance of infertility and its impact on mental health and quality of life, we aimed to review the Persian medicine (Iranian Traditional Medicine) literature on the underlying causes, the process and treatment of varicocele. This descriptive review was carried out using 13 most authoritative sources of Persian medicine with the help of the Noor software. The search was conducted using the following keywords in their Persian medicine equivalents: "varicose", "testicles", "gonads" and "scrotum". Varicocele was defined as tortuous dilation of testicular veins and their surroundings. Because of the coldness and the weaker nature of the left testicle, varicocele is more prevalent on this side. This could be related to the reduced purification of materials due to the path of left testicular arteries. For the treatment of this disease, the Persian medicine recommends a set of measures including dietary modifications, some oral and topical medications, and even phlebotomy. Studying the Persian medicine literature and utilizing the recommended therapies (after updating and confirming their efficacy in evidence-based research) can provide cost-effective, safer and simpler therapeutic approaches that can be complementary to the current therapies.

Background and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites. Standard treatment of CL includes pentavalent antimonials that are currently used in severe cases due to prolonged systemic therapy, high toxicity, complications, low efficacy, and resistance against the drug. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs or combination therapy for treatment of CL. The aim of this study was to review CL and its treatments in Persian medicine.
In this review study, relevant information was collected using 15 text books of Persian medicine. Balkh sore, Balkhieh, and Baghdad sore were used as search keywords. Note-taking was done and data was classified, compared, and finally a conclusion was drawn.
Epidemiology, etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of CL from viewpoints of Persian medicine were extracted.
Traditional Persian medicine and its efficient treatment methods should be further assessed in clinical trials. By this, new treatments with lower complications and costs could be proposed alongside current treatments for CL.

Pentavalent antimonials are still the first drug of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Like other treatments, they can cause adverse reactions including musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, and mild to moderate headaches. In this paper, we report the first case of an infant who developed acute urticaria after her mother’s parenteral use of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime).

Background and Rabies is a viral disease that is usually transferred to humans through the bites of infected animals (especially dogs). Difficult treatment and painful death in all patients makes it a major public health concern. There are some interesting points about the rabies in Traditional Medicine resources, especially in Persian Medicine. In this study the book entitled Tebbe Akbari was used as an invaluable source of Persian Traditional Medicine which is a complete and practical collection about many diseases. The information about rabies was extracted from the book. Also, the latest version of National Guidelines for Rabies Control was used. Data from both sources were compared with each other including etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Almost all points about rabies in Tebbe Akbari were found similar to the national guidelines recommended for rabies control. However, recent improvements in treatment, especially vaccination and microscopic methods in diagnosis of the disease have led to stop using traditional diagnostic methods. Probably more knowledge and awareness about traditional medicine books and performing evidence based studies could help in finding more simple and less expensive diagnostic methods.