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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is considered as a widespread chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology. Since personality traits can play an important role in the development of FMS, this review article was conducted in order to increase the understanding of personality traits related to FMS.

This review article was conducted by searching articles based on PRISMA guidelines for studies published from 2000 to September 2021 in authentic databases using the keywords fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic widespread pain, personality, and personality tests. The results of 30 eligible studies aimed at identifying personality traits in patients with FMS were reviewed and summarized.

According to the theoretical model used, the articles that used the TCI tool reported high traumatic avoidance and low self-regulation. High scores in hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression have been observed using the MMPI questionnaire. Moreover, other studies showed a high score in neuroticism using NEO. In this systematic review, some personality traits related to FMS were identified and explained. In other words, many patients with fibromyalgia show personality traits that are related to the mechanisms involved in FMS.

The findings provide evidence that personality traits can play a key role in the development and persistence of this syndrome. However, studies lack sufficient evidence to support an "FMS personality." The results expand our knowledge about the complex nature of this disorder and facilitate the effective treatment of FMS patients. Overall, these findings support the need for a comprehensive personality model to better understand FMS.

Various studies have shown that stress is one of the environmental factors affecting the symptoms of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on perceived stress in patients with ulcerative colitis.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design and control group. 32 patients with ulcerative colitis were selected by voluntary sampling and randomly divided into two groups. Data from 17 patients (9 experimental and 8 controls) were analyzed finally. Data were collected using the perceived stress scale 10-item (Cohen, 1983) in two stages of pretest and posttest. The experimental group underwent a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program in 10 sessions of 2-hours per week. For data analysis, Mann-Whitney U analysis was used.

The findings showed that the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on positive dimension of stress was significant (P<0.05, Z= -1.976), but not significant on the negative dimension (P>0.05, Z= -1.976).

Mindfulness based therapy can help UC patients reduce cognitive distortions involved in the perception of stress by changing their assessment of events, so that they can manage stressful events better by increasing their effective coping abilities with disease.

No previous study has examined the associations between egg consumption and prevalence of psychological disorders. To determine the association between egg consumption and depression in a large sample of Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,172 adults in Isfahan, Iran. Egg consumption was assessed by using a validated, self-administrated, dish-based, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for anxiety and depression. Also, the Iranian validated version of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) with 12-items was used to assess psychological distress. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were defined according to the standard criteria. Mean age of study participants was 36.5±7.9. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were prevalent among 28.4%, 13.6%, and 23% of the study participants, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, no significant association was observed between egg intake and depression (OR for comparing extreme quartiles: 1.08; 95% CIs: 0.80-1.45) and anxiety (OR: 0.79; 95% CIs: 0.54-1.16), as well as psychological distress (OR: 1.03; 95% CIs: 0.76-1.41) in the whole population. In men, significant positive associations were observed between egg intake and depression before controlling for BMI (OR: 1.68; 95% CIs: 1.01-2.80); however, the associations became non-significant after taking BMI into account (OR: 1.62; 95% CIs: 0.96-2.72). In individuals with higher than median fish intake, egg intake was positively associated withpsychological distress (OR: 2.07; 95% CIs: 1.00-4.28). We found no significant association between egg intake and psychological disorders. Further studies, in particular of prospective design, are warranted.
Conflict of interest: non declared

Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) is a comprehensive medical system، which is different from the modern medicine in various aspects. To find out why the TIM is considered a comprehensive medical system، the philosophical foundations of the TIM in the fields related to medical sciences، medical profession، and clinical practice should be defined. In this paper، with a rational and philosophical (rather than historical) approach، we have addressed scientific reasoning in the TIM، with the results related to the field of medical philosophy (as one of the second-order philosophies). The thinking system of TIM and modern medicine are different in their approach to man، life، and health; definition of basic concepts such as health، disease، and treatment; theorizing the medical sciences; and employment of comparative and deductive logics. The current paper addresses these topics. In the paper، we have attempted to demonstrate how the thinking system of the TIM has influenced principles of diagnosis، rational of clinical decision making، different levels of disease treatment، and evaluation of a hypothesis in clinical experiences