فهرست مطالب p. alamdari

Heavy metals such as lead, aluminum, mercury, copper, cadmium, nickel, and arsenic are now commonly found worldwide. Among these, cadmium and lead are the most hazardous, posing significant risks to both the environment and human health. Cleaning soils contaminated with organic and inorganic contaminants is one of the most significant and fundamental challenges facing society today. One effective method for soil purification is to extract or immobilize the contaminant within the soil.

It is unclear how water-soluble polymers contribute to the immobilization of heavy metals. The purpose of this study is to examine how various polymers affect the immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in the soil near a lead and zinc mine in the province of Zanjan. A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted using a randomized complete block design. The experimental treatments included one type of soil and three different kinds of acrylic polymers (cationic, nonionic, and anionic) applied at four different levels (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2). The absorbable amounts of lead, zinc, and cadmium were tested at various intervals after the polymers were applied to the soil samples. After that, SAS statistical software was used to examine the data. To do this, the Duncan multiple range test was used to compare the means. The necessary tables and graphs were then created using Excel.

The findings demonstrated that, at 1% probability level, the kind of polymer had a considerable impact on the amount of lead, zinc, and cadmium that may be absorbed in the soil. The average concentration of soil-absorbable lead for the different types of polymers employed was 239.8, 260.15, and 267.65 mg/kg; anionic polymer had the lowest concentration. Stated differently, anionic polymer decreases the capacity to absorb lead and stabilizes more lead in the soil than the other two forms of polymer. Anionic polymers most likely have a stronger impact on soil granulation. Additionally, at 1% probability level, the impact of acrylic polymer intake on the amount of lead, zinc, and cadmium absorbable in the soil was considerable. With an increase in the amount of polymer utilized in the soil, the greatest absorbable lead concentration (301.58 mg/kg) in the control treatment dropped to the lowest absorbable lead concentration (0.2). It was possible to determine the polymer percentage and the lead concentration, which came out to be 205.9 mg/kg of soil. Zinc concentration dropped as acrylic polymer consumption increased; in the control treatment, absorbable zinc concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 83.5 mg/kg of soil, with 0.2 being the highest concentration. At 1% probability level, the impact of the polymer's contact time with the soil on the amount of lead, zinc, and cadmium that the soil may absorb was significant. As a result, the tested soil had 414.52 mg of these elements at the initial stage of polymer treatment. The quantity of absorbable lead in the soil became 66% immobilized after a month, and after 720 hours, the amount of absorbable lead dropped to 141.83 mg/kg. As the polymer's contact time with the soil increased, so did the concentration of absorbable zinc in the soil. At 1% probability level, there was a strong correlation between the kind and amount of acrylic polymers and the amount of lead, zinc, and cadmium that may be absorbed in the soil. The ingestion of 0.2% anionic polymer resulted in the largest amount of lead immobilization, lowering the soil's absorbable lead concentration from 300 to 192 mg/kg of soil. A higher amount of anionic polymer immobilized the lead, and both cationic and non-ionic polymers were positioned after it. Additionally, anionic polymer was more prevalent than cationic polymer. It caused the non-ionic polymer's absorbable zinc to become immobile. Following 720 hours of polymer treatment, the soil's absorbable zinc element was immobilized to a greater extent by the anionic polymer (20%) than by the cationic and non-ionic polymers (26%), respectively. In comparison to the original concentration, the largest amount of immobilization by anionic polymer after one month was 78%, and the lowest amount of immobilization by nonionic polymer was 61%. Anionic polymer was 27% more effective than non-ionic polymer, 18% more effective than cationic polymer, and stabilized more cadmium.

 The results of this study showed that with increasing the duration of contact of polymers used with the soil, the amount of mobility of heavy metals in the soil decreased and also with increasing the amount of polymer consumption, the rate of metal stabilization in the soil increased. Anionic polymers immobilize more lead, zinc and cadmium in soil. To reduce the mobility of lead, zinc and cadmium and improve the stability and increase aggregation in soil, the use of acrylic polymer in contaminated soil is recommended.

Soil quality is one of the most crucial factors determining crop productivity and production stability. The soil's physical, chemical, biological, and ecological characteristics affect its quality. Numerous researchers have concentrated the evaluation on a small number of soil quality indicators because measuring all soil quality indicators would be time-consuming and expensive. This study looked at the spatial autocorrelation of soil quality in the southwest areas of the Urmia Plain to establish the minimal data set for quantitative assessment. To accomplish this, 120 composite soil samples were collected from a depth of 0 to 60 cm, and the soil quality index was then calculated using the IQI method in 4 modes: Total-Linear (IQIwL-TDS), Total-Nonlinear (IQIwNL-TDS), Minimum-Linear (IQIwL-MDS), and Minimum nonlinearity (IQIwNL-MDS). 22 physical and chemical characteristics were used to choose the data set. The characteristics of sand percentage, sodium absorption ratio, cation exchange capacity, Available phosphorus, active calcium carbonate, and nickel concentration were chosen as the minimum data set (MDS) using the decomposition method into principal components. The linear IQIMDS mode produced the greatest soil quality index result, whereas the non-linear IQIMDS mode produced the lowest. The non-linear mode of the IQI index has a greater correlation coefficient (R2=0.85) than the linear mode of the IQI index (R2=0.73), according to an analysis of the linear and non-linear correlation coefficient between the soil quality index with the total category and minimum data. The findings of computing the global Moran's index for study sets of IQI soil quality index data revealed that the soil quality data are not independent of each other and are spatially autocorrelated, distributed in clusters, and have spatial autocorrelation. Getis-ord GI statistics indicated that the eastern and southeastern parts of the research region comprise clusters with poor soil quality, salt marshes produced by Lake Urmia's drying up, and surrounding arid plains.

FAO agro-ecological model determines the production capacity, creating a logical relationship between the natural potential of the environment, the needs of communities, human activities, and sustainable adaptation. With the development of plant growth simulation models, researchers have begun a large-scale effort to agroecological zoning of various crops on a regional scale. In this method, an area was divided into homogeneous units with maximum similarity in terms of climate and land characteristics. Then, the potential yield map predicted by a simulation model is used for zoning. Pistachio is a subtropical plant that has long been cultivated in the central areas of Iran. With the occurrence of drought in the last two decades, farmers cultivated Pistachio in East Azerbaijan province without considering this crop requirement. This study aimed to use the AHP model to evaluate the suitability of East Azerbaijan lands for cultivating pistachio.

East Azerbaijan province is located in the northwest of Iran, between the latitudes of 36˚ and 45' to 39˚ and 26' N and the longitudes of 45˚ and 5' to 48˚ and 22' E based on the geographic coordinate system. The area of the province is 45800 square kilometers. The climate is generally cold and semi-arid, but it has different climates due to its diverse and extensive topography. The area of agricultural lands is estimated to be 18,000 square kilometers, which is about 39% of the total area. In this research, climatic data were collected for 30 years from Tabriz, Jolfa, Mianeh, Sarab, Maraghe, and Malekan synoptic stations, and from four neighboring stations of Orumieh, Khoy, Miandoab, and Parsabad. Three criteria (i.e. climate, land, and soil) and 11 sub-criteria were studied. The sub-climatic criteria included the average temperature of the growing season, average temperature in the pollination stage, absolute minimum temperature in the coldest month of the year, and average percentage of relative humidity in the flowering stage. Land criteria were land use sub-criteria, land slope, and slope directions, and soil criteria were salinity (electrical conductivity of saturated extract), pH, soil texture, and soil lime content (CaCO3). The results of the analysis of about 9000 soil samples were prepared for zoning of soil factors from East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Land characteristics of slope map and aspects were prepared from the digital elevation map of the study area and land use map was obtained base on the map provided by the Forests and Rangelands Research Institute of Iran. The parameters were then weighted upon AHP by the parameter importance for each region. Data were transferred to Expert Choice software and clustered, rated, integrated for producing the final layer.

According to the AHP model, there are no entirely suitable class areas for pistachio cultivation in East Azerbaijan province. Because one or more factors or sub-criteria created low restrictions for the cultivation of this crop. The results showed that 3887 square kilometers or 8.5% of the area was classified as a relatively suitable class. Although this area has low restrictions for pistachio planting, the profitability of this complex has increased the area of pistachio orchards rapidly. The suitable lands are mainly located by the agricultural lands and if water requirement could be met, they can be allocated for planting. The low water requirement and tolerance to salinity compared to other crops can be considered as the advantages of cultivating pistachio. Since 1998, droughts have occurred in different areas of the province. It caused a decrease in agricultural products by up to 35%. The declining water level of Lake Urmia is one of the consequences of the recent droughts, deteriorating the groundwater quantity and quality. The 6250 square kilometers (13.6%) of the province's lands was classified as the critically suitable class. Some of the sub-criteria studied in these lands such as the average temperature of pollination period, the average temperature of the growth period, amount and direction of slope, and soil texture were in the critical classes. The 35663 square kilometers (77.9%) of the studied lands were found to be unsuitable (N). The main reason for the unsuitability was the very high salinity of lands, as seen in the soil salinity map. Although it is a modifiable factor, the lack of quality for leaching, heavy soil texture, and the impossibility of draining drainage due to flatness, render the reclamation of these lands impossible. Under the current situation, East Azerbaijan province is much more capable of planting this crop. However, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies to avoid pistachio cultivation in marginal suitable lands.

The present study aimed to calculate the land versatility (overall land suitability) for irrigated wheat, alfalfa and potato in two adjacent areas in Zanjan plain using the combination of individual qualitative suitability degrees. Therefore in two adjacent areas located in Zanjan plain (in the east and west of Zanjan Zinc Town), with the total area of 4500 and 5500 hectares, respectively, 56 and 68 soil samples with distance of 1000 m were collected. After land suitability degrees determination for irrigated wheat, alfalfa, and potato based on the climatic data and soil and landscape analyses, continuous qualitative land suitability maps were produced using ordinary kriging estimator. Finally, the land versatility (overall land suitability) index, as an average of individual land suitability degrees for different crops, was calculated and then interpolated and mapped. The results showed that the soil pH for potato and the percentage of coarse fragments in the soil for all of the three studied crops caused some limitations. Comparison of land suitability maps revealed higher suitability of wheat and alfalfa farming in the eastern part of Zanjan Zinc Town in comparison with western part of it, while the suitability class for potato was marginal. Comparison of overall land suitability (versatility) index revealed a relatively high spatial variability in both of studied areas and also proved that overall suitability of the lands located in the east is more than the lands located in the west of Zanjan Zinc Town.

Loess–paleosol sequence is a valuable information source related to previous climate of the environment. Studying clay minerals is a suitable index for evaluation of climate change in previous conditions. The aim of this study was to study the evolutionary and mineralogical indices according to Infrared Spectrum Transformation and analyzing X-ray Diffraction in a loess–paleosol sequence in Neka region, Mazandaran Province. For this purpose, a transect was selected and were conducted. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples from 13 identified horizons and layers were selected for physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis. Results showed that studied soil experienced four soil formation stages. Mineralogy results showed that in paleosol, presence of weathered minerals like smectite, vermiculite and mixed minerals including smectite-ilite represent moister and weathering-favorable conditions during interglacial period. Presence of primary clays and without evolution as loess covers represents glacial arid and cold conditions. Results of investigations indicated that at initial stages of soil weathering and development, it is possible to releasing non-crystalline (active) iron from soil minerals being more than crystalline (pedogenic) iron and cause increasing Feo/Fed ratio, while by increasing soil age and degree of evolution, pedogenic iron increases and reduces the ratio. Mineralogy using infrared spectroscopy confirmed presence of kaolinite in old horizons.

Recent works in design of small stall regulated wind turbines has indicated the need to provide site-specific small wind turbines which incorporate innovative design and new materials of construction leading to better performance. In this paper, vertical axis wind turbines are considered for simplicity and ease of manufacturing for limited applications in Iran. Blade element momentum (BEM) theory is employed for aerodynamic design and analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine. The design algorithm was programmed in MATLAB routines using an iterative method for calculating axial and swirl induction factors, u and u, respectively. NACA4415 aerofoil is used to provide higher lift to drag ratio and a double multiple stream tube model is used to properly model upstream and downstream of wind turbine in better agreement with some experimental observations. For the airfoil section NACA4415, the lift to drag ratio of 130 is obtained at the angle of attack of 13 degrees. A parabolic fitting function for lift and a cubic fitting function for drag coefficients are used with respect to angle of attack. This approach allows better predictions in high angle of attacks when partial stall may occur over airfoil surfaces. Studying wind energy potential in four stations, Bojnord, Esfaraein, Fadashk and Nehbandan in two provinces of North and South Khorasan in Iran, the results indicated that Fadashk station has better wind potential for setting up wind turbine in the studied provinces. The study was performed based on the annual wind speed data obtained from renewable organization (SUNA) in Iran. Statistical analysis based upon wind data in Fadashk in the province of south Khorasan is used for designing a 1.5 kW vertical axis (H-rotor) wind turbine. Our results for the wind turbine are verified with an existing wind turbine and are parametrically studied. Furthermore, economical aspects of installing wind turbines in Fadashk and re cup from wind energy are investigated. The economical feasibility of the designed VAWT is finally evaluated to predict annual production of electricity that shows 6 cent profit for each kW h generated power.