فهرست مطالب parisa maleki

A system consisting of a magnetic material and a piezoelectric material placed within a microwave cavity is considered. The strong and long-range coupling between the piezoelectric material and the magnetic material mediated by the microwave cavity has been studied. We have shown that the realization of the strong coupling regime is not only possible between each of these materials with the microwave cavity, but also between the magnetic material and the piezoelectric material.

Silver nanoparticles are produced in large quantities in the industry and have estrogenic activities and toxic effects on different organs. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on the ovarian tissue of NMRI rats treated with alpha lipoic acid.

In this experimental study, 24 female NMRI rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6. The groups included the control group, oral silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg of body weight), injected alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg of body weight), and silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg of body weight) plus alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg body weight). The treatment was performed for 28 days. After the treatment period, blood sampling was performed from the rats’ hearts to analyze biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, estrogen, progesterone, and total antioxidant capacity using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method). By dissecting the rats, the left ovaries were removed, fixed, molded, and cut, tissue passaging was performed, and the ovaries were stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method. Then, the ovarian tissue was evaluated by different stereological methods.

The total mean ovarian volume, the cortex volume, the medulla volume, and the corpus luteum volume, and the total number of primordial, primary, secondary, and Graafian follicles were significantly reduced in the silver nanoparticles group compared to the control group (P<0.05). The simultaneous administration of alpha lipoic acid and silver nanoparticles compensated for the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on the above parameters. On the other hand, the mean number of different types of follicles in the rats treated with alpha lipoic acid significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). A statistically significant reduction was observed in the measurement of estrogen and progesterone hormones in the serum of the silver nanoparticles group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, in assessing the antioxidant capacity of the serum of the group treated simultaneously with silver nanoparticles + alpha lipoic acid, a statistically significant increase was observed compared to the group treated with silver nanoparticles (P<0.05).

Silver nanoparticles can have adverse effects on the structure of the ovary and its components, and alpha lipoic acid can largely compensate for these detrimental effects.

Considering the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in various products, including industrial and medical products, serious worries have been created regarding the potential dangers of silver nanoparticles. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on the kidney tissues of quercetin-treated NMRI rats.

In this experimental study, 24 adult male NMRI rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6. The groups included the control group, the silver nanoparticles group (500 mg/kg/bw), the quercetin group (50 mg/kg/bw), and the silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg/bw) + quercetin (50 mg/kg/bw) group. Silver nanoparticles were fed orally on a daily basis for 35 days. Quercetin was injected intraperitoneally on a daily basis for 42 days. At the end of the study, after taking blood from the rats, the dissection, tissue passaging, and Heidenhain’s Azan staining stages were carried out. The total volumes of the kidney, cortex and medulla, renal corpuscle, and glomerulus were evaluated by a stereological method. A qualitative assessment of apoptotic cells was performed using the tunnel method. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood serum was specified as an indicator of lipid peroxidation by the Buege and Aust method.

Comparing the body weight and kidneys, and the total kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes showed no statistically significant difference between the silver nanoparticles group and the control group. The silver nanoparticles group showed a significant increase in the total mean renal corpuscle volume, glomerular volume, tuft volume, Bowman’s capsule membrane volume, and the amount of MDA compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the silver nanoparticles group in the total mean volume of Bowman’s capsule and capillary spaces compared to the control group (P<0.05). Quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group; however, apoptosis was not shown in kidney cells in the group treated with quercetin. Assessing the cells in the silver nanoparticles group indicated the creation of apoptosis. The amount of serum MDA in the silver nanoparticles group showed a statistically significant increase compared to other groups (P<0.05).

The results of this study demonstrated that quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group.

Concomitant signals from IL-6 and TGF-β have a central role in the Th17 cells development and differentiation, and these cells are the main promoters of demyelinating inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in multiple sclerosis (MS).

To evaluate the simultaneous IL-6 and TGF-β gene and their receptor protein expression in patients with Relapsing-Remitting (RR)-MS.

IL-6 and TGF-β mRNA and their receptor expression on the surface of CD4+T cells were evaluated using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry, respectively.

The IL-6 mRNA expression in patients with RRMS was significantly higher than in the controls (p= 0.019). When patients who did not receive any other treatment were compared with the controls, the significant difference was substantial (p=0.006). The TGF-β mRNA expression in patients was lower than in the controls (p = 0.03). However, in patients receiving IFNβ, it increased compared with the other patients (p= 0.036). There was no difference in cytokine receptor expression between patients and the control group.

Our data conclude an increase and decrease in mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TGF-β in patients with RRMS, respectively. Moreover, there were no significant differences in receptor expression of either cytokines. Based on our data the balance of TGF and IL-6 appears to have a positive impact on the disease control.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main form of dementia and neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. In this study, we evaluated the activation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) by monitoring the expression patterns of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) during aging in a transgenic Alzheimer's model.

The human beta-amyloid (hAβ42) mutant gene was expressed in Drosophila by GAL4/UAS system and male flies with UAS-Aβ42 were mated with elav-GAL4 or Ok107-GAL4 female to model AD. The model was confirmed by assessment of performance learning index (PLI) of larvae from first-generation (Ok107) and adult fly’s eyes structure (elav). The expression of ATF4 was evaluated on the 10th, 20th, and 30th days by real-time PCR.

The AD model was confirmed by decreasing PLI of larvae (p < 0.05) and degeneration of fly’s eyes structure (p < 0.01). We declined the activity of the GAL4-UAS system by temperature reduction (18 °C) in the first 10 days to decrease neurotoxicity and expression of hAβ42 (p < 0.05) and have the relevant model with maximum toxicity in the adult brain. Expression of ATF4 was similarly upregulated (p < 0.01) in both ages (20 and 30) of the model flies compared to the control group.

Given that hAβ42-induced over-expression of ATF4 is the same in different age periods and because PERK signaling is the main source of ATF4 expression, we could conclude that aging is unable to influence the activation of PERK signaling in our model. Further complimentary molecular studies will warrant the possible effects of aging in the activation of other unfolded protein response (IRE1 and ATF6) pathways during AD.

Given the role of silver nanoparticles on oxidative stress and antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid, this research aimed to study the simultaneous treatment of silver nanoparticles and alpha-lipoic acid in mice testis tissue.

24 adult male mice (NMRI) were used with an average weight of 36±2 in 4 groups (n=6): Control, treatment with silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg/day), treatment with alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg/day), and simultaneous treatment silver nanoparticles+ alpha-lipoic acid divided. After treatment, the serum samples were taken and right testis was removed, fixed, sectioned, and stained according to Hematoxylin and eosin method. The total volume of testis, and its diameter and height of the germinal epithelium, total number spermatids, spermatocytes, sertoli cells with stereological method were estimated. The total antioxidant capacity (FRAP test), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and serum testosterone were measured. Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The total volume of testis, diameter and height of the germinal epithelium, total number spermatids, spermatocytes, sertoli cells significantly decreased in silver nanoparticles group compared to the control group (p<0.001). A significant increase was observed in the level of MDA and a significant decrease was found in total antioxidant capacity and serum testosterone levels in silver nanoparticles group compared to control group (p<0.001). The above parameters were partially compensated in silver nanoparticles+ alpha lipoic acid group compared to silver nanoparticles group.

The alpha-lipoic acid seems to have a protective role in silver nanoparticles induced toxicity in testis tissue. So, alpha lipoic acid may be useful in improving the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on male reproductive system.

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on mice liver following silver nanoparticles toxicity.

24 adult male NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups: control, SNP (500mg/kg/day, gavage), NSO (5ml/kg/day, gavage) and finally SNP plus NSO and treated for 35 days. Histological assessment of liver were performed using stereological methods. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also measured.

A significant decrease in the mean relative weight of liver, the total volume of the central veins, the total volume of the connective tissue, arteries and veins in the portal tracts and a significant increase in the total volume of sinusoids, bile ductules, the hepatocytes cell volume and serum levels of MDA and ALT and AST enzymes were observed in the silver nanoparticles group compared with the control group. The major of silver nanoparticles-induced Liver damages improved in the silver nanoparticles + Nigella sativa oil group to the control ones.

The results of this study suggest that Nigella sativa oil can protect the liver from silver nanoparticles damage.

There is satisfying evidence that the socio-economical and built environmental conditions facing residents affect health as much as the individual characteristics of residents themselves (Jackson, 2003: 1382-83 cited in: Gomez, et al. 2015: 2314). In other words, neighborhood social and built environments have been recognized as important contexts in which health is shaped (Gomez & et al, 2015: 2314 & Ansello, 2016: 1). There is now widespread interest in the role of neighborhoods in cancer and cancer disparities (Landrine & et al, 2012: 141; Baker & et al., 2000; Krieger & et al., 2002; Singh & et al., 2003). Neighborhoods contribute to disparities in cancer and its risk factors and, hence, understanding the nature of that contribution can highlight new community-level approaches to reducing cancer disparities (Landrine, et al., 2012: 141). Cancer is a chronic disease associated with genetic mutations caused by various exposures, most of them environmental (Dey et al, 2011: 254 and Smeltzer & et al, 2007: 1001). Meanwhile, lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world, with the majority of the cases in developing countries (Ferlayetal., 2010; Jemal etal.,2011 Cited in Guo, et al,. 2016). It is estimated that there were 1.825 million lung cancer cases globally in 2012, accounting for 13.0% of all cancer cases, and 1.59 million deaths from lung cancer, responsible for 19.4% of deaths from all cancers (Chen, et al., 2015: 307). Although personal choices, such as tobacco use, dietary and physical activity patterns, play a major role in the development of cancer, environmental and occupational factors are involved in the causation of a large number of human cancers (WHO-a, 2011: 1 & Anand, et al, 2008: 2098; Black & Hawaks, 2009: 504; Tomatis, 1990). In this regard, several studies have shown that the air pollution, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity are the key risk factors for lung cancers that urban planning can have an effective role in improving or reducing of their incidence. Given the inverse relationship of these factors with the neighborhood walkability, walking and physical activity; and due to little knowledge about the potential role of the urban built environments in reduce of the trend, the present paper seeks the modelling the spatial association of lung cancer with built environmental factors such as air pollution, urban form, access to public services and social and economic indicators in neighborhoods of Tehran metropolitan in the period of 2006-2010.

The research is conducted using descriptive and analytical approaches. Several data and methods are used due to multifaceted nature of the research subject. In this regard, spatial statistics and geo-statistics methods are employed. PM10, PM2.5 and CO data are used that adapted from Tehran air pollution monitoring center and along with Lung cancers data (2006-2010) from ministry of health and population density from Iran statistics Center. Lung cancers data is used for identifying geographical pattern (Cluster, scattered and random) of its by using Moran’s spatial autocorrelation statistics. Also Getis-Ord general G statistics and Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I) statistics, respectively, are employed for detecting High/Low value clustering and mapping the cluster and outliers. Invers Distance Weighted and kriging methods are used for interpolating point based air pollution parameters (CO, PM10, PM2.5) data. Population and employment data and Tehran’s land use and road network data are used as a mediating factors. All of mentioned statistics are done in ArcMap 10.3.1 software.

Transportation is one of the most important sources of air pollutant emissions in Tehran city. In this case, urban air pollution is caused by urban transportation systems and suburban factories. Two major groups of polluting industries around Tehran are automotive and fuel production industries (Vafa-Arani, et al, 2014) that are located in west and south west of the city in the courses of prevailing winds. These two industries are the most related to the urban transportation systems. Ineffective public transportation infrastructures, non-standard streets and highways, population congestion, non-efficient urban management and planning, and several other reasons cause high traffic congestion in the metropolitan area of Tehran. Due to the closure of Tehran in northern, northeastern and partly east by mountains, this is an issue that worsen the air pollution in Tehran which brings many negative effects on lung cancer. The overall results showed that by applying the following policies, it can be overcome to the public health and air pollution problems in the medium and long-term: using urban smart growth policies and transit-oriented development approaches (TOD) in urban planning and designing practices; propagating the culture of using public transport; developing the natural, open and green zones and spaces in the city and especially in the western area of the city where there are more polluting sources.

Automobile dependence cities today are revealed in modern urban societies. The context preparation for automobile dependence phenomenon are improving living standards and tendency to well-being. This is in addition to the lack of necessary transport infrastructures and public transport options in developing countries, has brought many expenses including: exhaustion of natural resources, environmental hazards and public health problems. Despite that the numerous factors are involved in production and Intensifying the urban air pollution and its related problems, but ultimately this somehow refers to urban and suburbs land uses. Redistribution of land uses in urban spaces is one of the strategies that has been proposed to achieve the appropriate development patterns in order to reduce urban challenges and pollution, especially air pollution in different urban scales. Studies show that compact and smart growth urban forms has greatly impacts on reducing the air pollution (Bahtash & et al, 2013). Urban form and public transport network developments must comply with and support each other as much as possible. The compliance can create urban forms that encourages the use of public transport to against using private automobile and reduces the amount of air pollutants and results improving public health and lung cancer outcomes.

A large number of researches demonstrated that built environment attributes affect the walking and cycling for transportation (Ewing & Cervero, 2010; Bauman et al., 2012). Studies examining the potential effect of the built environment on physical activity have employed objective and/or perceived (self-report) measures to assess characteristics of the neighborhood environment. Findings illustrated people who live in neighborhoods with traditional or walkable designs report about 30 minutes more walking for transportation each week and more total physical activity, compared to those who live in neighborhoods with less walkable suburban designs (Frank, et al., 2006). Therefore, the association between the built environment and walking activity are complicated due to spatial heterogeneity, self-selection issues such as attitudes and perceptions on walking behavior, and methodological differences (Lee, et al., 2017). Some evidence shows that residents’ self-reports of their neighborhood environment may be less revealing than are objective assessments. However, other studies suggest that perceived neighborhood environment exerts a unique effect and may be a more telling indicator for individual health than objective neighborhood characteristics (Wen et al., 2006). So, the aim of this research is discovering the preferences of the residence towards the walkable spaces and explaining spatial association of the perceived and objective measures of neighborhood walkability in district of 4, 8 and 13 of Tehran.

This research is a descriptive and exploratory research that has been conducted with quantitative research approach. In this regard, GIS software were used to mapping the neighborhood walkability criteria. Network analyst functions, also, was used in order to service area determination and accessibility to public services. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression were cooperatively employed with regard to reduce the set of variables and extract variables that explain the objective and perceived measures of neighborhoods walkability at a 95% confidence interval in Tehran metropolitan. In relation to perceived measure of neighborhoods walkability, we used the standard questionnaire developed by Saelens et al. (2002), as well as Cerin et al. (2006), has been developed as Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS). The questionnaire has the following dimensions: Time taken to get from residence home to the nearest businesses or facilities, Access to services, Streets condition or quality in the neighborhood, Places for walking and cycling, Neighborhood surroundings, Safety from traffic, Safety from crime neighborhood satisfaction. In the present study for each neighborhood, walkability index, which is the sum of the standard Z score of four urban form metrics, is defined as a function of net residential density (ratio of the number of residential units to residential areas in each neighborhood per hectare), sum of the ratio of floor area of retail units to their parcels in each neighborhood, Land-use mix index (entropy coefficient) and street connectivity (Number of intersections with 3 or more legs per km2). Also, census data, land use and road layers and survey data were used. The statistical population of the present study is the population of all districts of the 22 districts of Tehran. The statistical samples which selected by purposeful method were 31 neighborhoods.

Findings revealed that the gap between the objective and the perceived walkability, except the component of walking and cycling places, the rest of the studied dimensions, including the time of access to shops or stores, facilities, etc., access to services; neighborhood streets; neighborhood environment; perceived security of traffic and crime; and the satisfaction of the neighborhood in relation to subjective pedestrian assessment have a higher mean in neighborhoods with high objective walkability compared to those with low walkable neighborhoods. Research findings in regard to the people preferences about the walkable spaces are in line with other studies. Residents of our case study in connection with the issue of walking, as well as people from other parts of the world, prefer spaces with appropriate access to services, facilities and infrastructure needed for everyday life, and safe, attractive, lively and free of contamination and traffic environments as well as well-defined spaces for walking. The point that needs to be mentioned is the population density, the density of residential units, as well as the density of activities (commercial and service as well as offices or administrative activities). In most previous investigations, mainly in link to walking, built environment with urban sprawl form are compared to more compact cities or so-called smart cities with mixed and diverse land uses, and the result is typically that urban environments which have a dense and smart urban form that are high in density of population, activity and residential are reported proper for walking behavior. In this regard, although the urban form of the studied neighborhoods of this research compared to many previous case studies in terms of those variables, is still more compact, according to the participants’ opinion, they prefer to walkability of their residential spaces, neighborhoods that have diverse land uses (cloth stores, food markets, supermarkets, juices and ice cream shops, home appliances malls and etc.), as well as green and open spaces and environments that have more attractive facets.

In order to achieve the appropriate developmental model to increase the subjective and objective walkability of urban neighborhoods, some steps must be taken to increase the green and public open spaces and redistribute the land uses in accordance with the urban smart growth pattern, by through less dependence on the personal car usage, many challenges of Tehran metropolitan will reduce in line with sustainable development.

Regarding the importance of new treatments to control and treat multiple sclerosis (MS), in this study we investigated the role of Benzoaric acid (BA) on the neuro-inflammation and apoptosis processes in the cuprizone (cup)-induced animal model of MS. In this experimental study, 35 males C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups. The study groups were included, control: received six weeks of normal powdered food beside intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of BA solvent (100 µL per day PBS) for the last two weeks, cup: received six weeks of powdered food contains 0.2% cup beside i.p. injection of BA solvent for the last two weeks and cup-treatment: received six weeks of powdered food contains 0.2% cup beside i.p. injection of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg BA for the last two weeks. Eventually, the medial corpus callosum area of the animal’s brain was evaluated via western blot and Real-Time PCR methods.  Ethical points were observed according to the declaration of Helsinki and relevant code of ethics, regarding minimizing harms during animal experimentation (UOZ-GR-9517-13). Molecular studies have shown that BA-80 decreased mRNA (p <0.01) and protein expression of NF-KB and consequently increased I-KB/NF-KB ratio (p <0.05) and decreased inflammation in compare to cup group. Moreover, BA-80 decreased caspase-9 mRNA (p<0.01) and caspase-8 mRNA (p <0.05) and subsequently increased caspase-8/caspase-9 ratio (p<0.01) and decreased apoptosis in compare to cup group. The dose of 80 mg/ml BA via decreasing cup-induced neuro-inflammation and neuro-apoptosis has protective effects in this model.

Here we aimed to comprise several histological methods to determine the most accurate technique for evaluation of efficacy of neuroprotective agents in animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Male C57BL/6 mice were treated for 6 weeks in control, control + Benzoraic acid (BA, as neuroprotective agent) 20, 40, 80 mg/kg during last 2 weeks, Cuprizone (0.2%) as demyelinating agent, and Cuprizone (0.2%) + BA (20, 40, 80 mg/kg during last 2 weeks) groups. At the end of experiment, histological examinations including immunohistochemistry (IHC), Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E) staining, Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques were performed for evaluation of myelin damages.

Significant myelin damage was detected by all of the used histological methods in Cuprizone group (p < 0.001 compared to control group). LFB technique could not show improvement in damages by all doses of BA. The H&E, IHC and TEM methods showed significant protective effects of the high BA dose compared to Cuprizone group. Only the TEM method could show significant (p < 0.05) protective effect of the medium BA dose.

TEM was the most and LFB was least sensitive methods. Present study suggests simultaneous using of methods such as H & E for better assessment of neuroinflammation and IHC for confirmation of TEM results. Moreover, in the case of restriction in methods, TEM and IHC are the most sensitive methods and could provide reliable results related to efficacy of neuroprotective agents in this model.

Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural antioxidant with phenolic structure. In this study, we evaluate the effects of EA consumption on population and activation of neuroglia cells in the animal model of MS under oxidative stress. Mature male mice with age of between 8 to 9 weeks were kept in the standard conditions. For model induction, animals received powder normal diet containing 0.2% Cuprizone (Cup) for six weeks. Mice were divided into eight groups containing control, control receiving three doses of EA (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg), Cup and Cup receiving three doses of EA. Finally, specific glial cell markers in the animal brain tissues were analyzed by molecular methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB) and Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR). Findings: IHC and WB analysis have shown that only high concentration of EA is able to reduce protein expression of GFAP (activated astrocytes marker), Mac-3 (activated microglial marker), increase protein expression of Olig-2 (oligodendrocytes precursor marker) and ultimately significant reduction on APC (mature oligodendrocytes marker)/Olig-2 ratio in comparison with Cup group. In addition, RT-PCR evaluation indicated that changes in the mRNA expression of target markers were consistent with observed changes in their protein expression and therefore, IHC and WB results were confirmed. Consumption of 80 mg/kg of EA effectively decreased activation of astrocytes and microglial and so appropriates environment for migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to the lesion area and shifting from damage course into the repair progressions.

Enterococcus, as a bacterium resistant to most antibiotics, is capable of releasing resistant genes to other species. Due to its ability to form biofilms, it has high pathogenicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of Enterococcus faecalis in beef meat sold in Shahrekord retail markets and to investigate the relationship between ebp-A, ebp-B and ebp-C genes in biofilm-producing Enterococcus faecalis isolated from meat. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 80 meat samples were examined by biochemical and molecular methods. Detection of Enterococcus faecalis ebp-A, ebp-B and ebp-C genes was performed in the presence of specific primers. Statistical analysis was performed using Prism7 software and Fisher’s exact test. Of the 80 samples, meat samples were detected based on biochemical responses in 31 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Using the micro titer plate method, in 25 isolates (80.64%) biofilms were produced. ebp-A gene in 28 isolates (32.90%), ebp-B gene in 10 isolates (25.23%) and ebp-C gene in none of the isolates (0%) were not reported. Foodborne diseases are one of the common problems in public health. Bacteria are the most important causes of infections and food poisoning. To prevent microbial contamination of foods, training individuals, observing health and supervision in the preparation, transportation, storage and delivery of foods are essential

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of voltage, salinity and temperature on the performance of electric fishing. To do so, 850 pcs Gambosia holbrooki from Golestan dam were hunted and transported to the laboratory. Distance from the anode, cathode and anode distance during testing were 10cm and 120cm, respectively. Experimental fish length and weight range for this species were calculated 3.818 ± 0.20 cm and 0.804 ± 0.135 gr , respectively. Electric shocks were applied to individual fish in three voltages of 15, 45 and 135 volts and 3 °c, 10 °c, 20 °c and 30 °c, and 3 salinity of 0.5, 2 and 4 g/l. Time to pass out and return to the initial state for individual fish were recorded. Statistical analysis of ANOVA, Duncan and LSD showed that the average duration of voltages and temperatures and salinities of anesthesia obtained are significantly different. The maximum and minimum anesthesia time were calculated for the Gambosia holbrooki from the salinity of 0.5, 10° c, Voltage 15, with a mean of 8.71 ± 0.74s and from the salinity of 4, 30° c, Voltage 135, with a mean of 1.44 ± 0.32s, respectively. The maximum and minimum reset time for Gambvzya were resulted from the salinity 0.5, 10° c, Voltage 135, with a mean of 94.84 ± 3.1s and the salinity of 0.5, 30° c, Voltage 15, with a mean of 20.01 ± 2.72 s, respectively.

Sodium arsenite is an environmental pollutant which its amounts in industrial cities are more than other places because of its use in chemical industry. Human populations are exposed to this chemical compound through food, soil, air and water which has toxic and histopathological effects on different body organs including kidney. The aim of this investigation is to study the quantitative histopathological effects of sodium arsenite on the kidney structure of rats. 12 male Wistar rats with mean body weight of 200±20 g were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6). One treated with sodium arsenite (8 mg/kg/day in drinking water) and the other one (the control group) received drinking water only. 2 months after treatment the rats were weighed, anesthetized with ether and dissected. The left kidney was taken out, cleaned, weighed and then fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. After obtaining 1mm thick slices, tissue processing was carried out, then 5µm thick sections were prepared and stained using H&E method. Slides were finally studied stereologically and data was statistically analyzed using paired sampled t-test and the means were considered significantly different at p<0.05. The results of this investigation indicated significant reduction in the total mean volume of kidney (p<0.001), cortex (p<0.001), and medulla (p<0.003) in sodium arsenite treated group compared to the control rats. The mean volume of tubules and interstitial tissue as components of cortex reduced significantly compared to the control group (p<0.003).The mean volume of glomeruli and Bowman's capsule was significantly reduced in treated group (p<0.001), while the other components did not show a significant reduction in volume. A significant reduction was also found in the kidney (p<0.002) and the body weight (p<0. 01) in the treated group compared to the control ones at the end of the experiment. It was concluded that exposure to sodium arsenite leads to histopathological changes in kidney structure, however more studies are needed to determine the effects of these structural changes on the kidney function.