parisa talebi

Management and planning to organize municipal waste is inevitable and city managers seek to find optimal solutions to improve the existing issues and problems of urban management these include municipal waste management. Amlash city due to the lack of a sanitary landfill and the use of unprincipled methods to bury waste and dump garbage in one of the inner neighborhoods of the city called Kiaznik and adjacent to the river for more than 20 years environmental, cultural and health problems for the city. To manage the high volume of waste produced with high diversity requires a comprehensive program. The quantity and quality of waste in different areas is affected by factors sch as: environmental status, season, income, land use and construction status, social, economic and cultural conditions and eating habits. Reduction of production, waste reuse and recycling, energy extraction from landfills are the main goals of the comprehensive waste management plan. Certainly in the near future, recycling communities will become countries with the healthiest environments and the most powerful economies.The present study to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in Amlash city in Guilan province in a period of 9 months from july 2019 to march 2020 sampling was performed in seven stations included recreation centers, administrative centers, health centers, commercial centers and three residential areas of the rich, middle- class and marginal. In total, the production waste was examined 36 times in each station. From office, commercial and health stations on weekdays after business hours and for the three residential areas of the affluent, the middle, and the suburbs on the days designated by Amlash municipality organization, which was responsible for collecting waste in these areas before being collected by pakbanan municipality and transferred to a garbage truck waste samples were randomly selected and collected the sampling station was also sampled on weekends. The total amount of waste generated in each studied station was collected and weighed. Samples were randomly selected and the compounds in the samples individually and on the basis of six categories plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, metal, organic materials and others waste was collected and weighed in the waste storage container with a special label. Separation was done manually to determine the components of the waste. The samples were weighed by a scale weighing 45 kg. Data from physical analysis of waste in different months of the year and in different places analyzed using Excel version 2010 and Spss version 26. Shapiro- Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. To determine the difference between the average production waste in different months of the year and different places for variables that have a normal distribution the one way anova test was used and for variables that have an abnormal distribution the Kruskal- Wallis was used. Tukey test was also used to compare the means for data that had a normal distribution. Depending on the culture of consumption in different communities, the percentage of recyclable materials it is different in municipal waste after analyzing municipal waste, the correct amount can be achieved.Due to the increasing population growth and consequently the increase in consequently the increase in consumption, we will see an increase in the volume of waste produced. Therefore, waste management, especially solid waste, has a special place which require special attention. The results showed that the daily production of solid waste in the city of Amlash is 20 tons, 32% of the waste is recyclable materials, 11% non- recyclable materials and 52% are organic matter. Therefore, 89% of waste can be reduced through recycling and compost. Also, the per capita daily waste production in the city of Amlash is 1.136 kg per person per day. The results show there is a significant difference between plastic, glass, metal, paper and cardboard and other wastes in different months of the year (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of organic matter in different months of the year. There is a significant difference in the amount of variables of plastic, glass, paper and cardboard, organic materials and other wastes in different stations (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of metal variables in different stations. As a result, Tukey test was used to compare the average between the mentioned components of waste at different times of the year and at different stations. The results for plastic variables show that suburban office and residential stations have a significant difference in the presence of plastic and recreation, health, commercial, affluent and middle- class residential stations do not differ significantly in the presence of plastic. Also, the results obtained from Tukey test for glass variable were determined, health station, commercial station, medium- sized residential station and suburban residential station have a significant difference in the presence of glass. Recreation stations, office and residential stations do not differ significant in the presence of glass. July, August, October, November, December, February and March have significant differences in the presence of glass. The months of September and January are not significantly different in terms of glass. Also showed Tukey test for metal variable in none of the months in which the sampling was done, there was no significant difference in the presence of metal. In fact, recycling and reuse of consumables is one of the principles of increasing productivity in economic systems. If the recycling industry is properly managed it can be as profitable for the economy as the volume of goods produced in the country. In fact, recycling allows without compromising the initial resources and environmental consumption levels remain constant and even increase and this is one of the manifestations of sustainable development. The World Environment Commission, sustainable development is the process of changing resource consumption, directing investment defines the direction of technology development and fundamental change to be compatible with current and future needs. Achieving sustainable development requires simultaneous attention to three dimensions: economic, social and environmental.Organic materials, plastics, paper and cardboard are the three most important types of waste in Amlash which can be used for the purpose of reducing waste and recycling.The results of statistical analysis showed that the weight of dry waste components there is significant difference in the syudied stations and in a different months of the year (p< 0.05). According to the results, the city of Amlash due to its small size and a large average population, quantity and quality of production waste in three residential areas: rich, middle- class and marginal are not much different. Given that most of the components of residential waste are related to organic matter the best economic solution for managing this type of waste is to convent the organic matter in the household waste organic fertilizer for soil improvement as well as the development of agricultural activities in the city of Amlash. Separation from source and recycling are also the most appropriate economic solutions for significant volume management recyclable materials are available in administrative, health and commercial centers. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a system involving multiple sub- systems that typically require demanding inputs, materials and resources to properly process generated waste throughput. For this reason, MSW management is generally one of the most expensive services provided by municipalities. Eliminating, reusing or reducing waste is the first route to significant cost savings

Application of micro-piles to stabilize unstable slopes has been widely considered in recent years. A micro-pile is a small-diameter (typically less than 300 mm), drilled, and grouted as non-displacement pile that is typically reinforced. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the micro-pile group on increasing safety factor as well as finding the optimum position of micro-piles across the embankments slopes. In this study, numerical analyses were performed to investigate the efficiency of micro piles on the behavior of embankments using ABAQUS Finite Element code. The analyses have been carried for plane strain conditions and under earthquake loads. Based on acquired results, it was implied that using micro pile groups on the lower part of embankment slope is the optimal approach to reinforce embankments. This can increase the embankment safety factor by 33% in static mode and by 34% in dynamic mode. The impacts of the parameters of micro pile inclination angle, diameter, length, micro-pile spacing, and the type of soil on safety factor in dynamic mode have been investigated. Results show that increasing the length and diameter of the micro piles increase the safety factor. By increasing the micro pile angle in respect to vertical axis up to 30°, safety factor increases but any additional increase of the angle decreases the factor. Furthermore, by increasing the spacing of micro piles up to 4 times the diameter, causes improving the safety factor, but more space has a negative impact. By strengthening the type of the adhesive soil (simultaneous increase of embankment adhesion from 8 KPa to 16 KPa and elasticity module from 30 MPa to 60 MPa), embankment safety factor increases by 40%. Furthermore, by strengthening the sandy soil (simultaneous increase of internal friction angle from 32 to 40 and soil elasticity module from 20 MPa to 45 MPa), the safety factor of embankment increases by 41 percent.

Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) are the wastes can potentially increase the hazardous properties of municipal solid waste in the landfill, incineration, or composting. The lack of information about their generation and composition hinders the creation of special programs for their collection and treatment, making these wastes a potential threat to human health and the environment. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the quantity, quality and to be able to compare the results of four seasons, regarding consumption patterns and solid waste generation rates. A cross-sectional study was done in 2015-2016 years in Isfahan compost plant (waste receipt place) and the analyses were performed on household hazardous waste in four seasons of the year. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the quantitative data. HHW comprised 0.6% of municipal solid waste (MSW). The largest percentage of HHW in total HHW were home cleaners in spring (37.53%), summer (26.82%), and fall (39.78%), because home cleaners are the daily necessities of residential households but in winter medical products (34.70%) were more than others. Probably cause of the high percentage of medical products is disease outbreaks in winter. Generally, the most hazardous materials in MSW included home cleaning (0.2%), medical products (0.19%) and self-care equipment (0.11%) and the lowest were biological infection materials. This study demonstrated that the production of HHW in Isfahan is independent of different seasons of the year. Household cleaners and personal protective equipment and medicine had formed the highest percentage of household hazardous waste.

Transportation network, under the effect of some external or internal factors, can encounter drop in performance and traffic flow instability. To provide effective parameters and a solution to improve status of the network and to upgrade the qualitative and quantitative situation of network arcs, in the mentioned modes, is a remedial act. In this paper, a hypothetical transportation network is analyzed in terms of the crisis. This hypothetical network includes 52 nodes and 40 arcs. For this network an index will provide in the crisis conditions that specifies averagely how many injured people can be relieved. The index is analyzed by Using Monte Carlo simulation and Daykastra algorithm. In each stage some of the network arcs are assumed to be randomly disconnected; if all path arcs that are connected, the path will be connected and disconnected otherwise. There is an effort to calculate two types of significance coefficient for each arc, which will show its significance over other arcs. Finally, given each one of significance coefficient of arcs, the best paths for connecting relief centers to injured areas are specified, so that after the crisis, it would be clear which paths need more attention and, for example, if it is necessary to have police forces to keep the paths open, these pathsa take priority over other paths. After selecting paths, given each one of significance coefficients, the rate of change in the proposed access index has been calculated, and finally, of two types of significance coefficient, one of them will be applied in specifying relief paths as the more important significance coefficient.