parvane danesh

Poverty and social exclusion are among the causes of the phenomenon of homelessness, but this group's perception of their identity is one of the fundamental factors that ensures their continued presence on the street or plays an important role in challenging the existing situation and returning them home. Therefore, in this research, the lived experience of homeless women on identity has been studied. In this article, it is described how identity is formulated in the perception of homeless women. Using phenomenological theories and using the experimental phenomenological method, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 10 homeless women who are temporarily present in Chitgar and the findings were analyzed using Creswell analysis method and maxqda 10 software.From the total of the extracted semantic units, four structural categories were abstracted: "perception of prior/posterior identity", "lived experience of thinking about identity solutions", "experience of being a woman in the intersection with addiction" and " understandings as an Other of supporting institutions". The results reveal the gap between prior and posterior identity and show that women face identity not passively, but as active and creative examples, and in their experience, the stigmatized identity-shaping structures remain hidden and the possibility of resistance and identity change from them. is taken away This semantic system formed by identity ensures the continued presence of homeless women on the street and not their return home. This research suggests that different policies that act against the identity of homeless women by various institutions and individuals should be reviewed.

Frequency of environmental issues in recent years has provoked attention and sensitivity of different scholars, especially sociologists, toward these issues. to analyze and explain environmental problems, sociologists require social solutions and sociological studies. Therefore, this article from the perspective of environmental sociology reflects on the relationship between knowledge, attitude and environmental behavior and, situation of these three variables in terms of groups and periods of study among students. Compatible with the new environmental paradigm and literature studies, the findings of this study display the impact of environmental knowledge and attitude on environmental behaviors. Also, students who studied in more relevant fields such as Agricultural Sciences and students of Science had better situation and understanding in terms of all three variables rather than students of other departments. In addition, level of education promotes knowledge, environmental attitudes and behaviors of students. The results of the analysis show that variables explained 20 percent of variance of their environmental behavior.

Women’s fears in public accompany special consequences, which can be classified form personal habits to social and restrictive behaviors. Although, there is no congruence between the women’s fears and the objective status, which opposes them, the relationship between these two factors is still under question. The consequences of fear are serious and restrictive for women. The objective of the present study was evaluating the women’s experience and their strategies in facing fear and phobia. The present study was a qualitative research the data of which were obtained using 46 semi-structured interviews. The women’s fear can be classified into three categories, including case fears, fear of sexual harassment and fear of males’ ruling. The women’s strategies in facing fear can be classified into innovative – active behavior or passive- reactive behavior. For every one of these fears, women use unique strategies. In innovative – active behavior, women try to manage their fears and face the fears logically, in so doing they make use of all their resources. In passive behavior, women make use of strategies like silence, surrender, seclusion, prudence and change in personal habits. Since the participants were selected non-randomly, the results of this study are not generalizable at all.

Interdiction: Important changes have been taken on the institution of family pursuant to components of modernization and these changes have caused problems for the Iranian families. This research seeks to survey family changes in the context of modernization in Mazandaran province. The research method was a survey. The statistical society consisted of all heads of households residing in the urban and rural areas of Mazandaran province. The sample size was 400 whom were chosen by cluster sampling method. The Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between modernization process and the attitude to divorce and family betrayal in urban areas with the error level less than 0.01 and the confidence level of 0.99. However, in rural areas, this relationship was not significant. Also, no relation between the process of modernization and family disputes in urban and rural areas was observed. In contrast relationship between modernization process and the dramatic consuming in urban and rural areas is significant. Over the recent decades, the institution of family and the kinship system have experienced deep changes due to the introduction of modernization process and its consequences in both the individual and society level. These are indicatives of some pathological social issues which inhibits and reduces the pace of development in the community.

Security feeling is one of the most important social، psychological and cultural components in each society. The purpose of this paper is a social and psychological analysis of women''s security feeling in Mashhad. In this study by using a survey method in 2011، 391 women were selected among 20 to 64 years old by sampling clustering method and research hypothesis were validated by using a researcher made questionnaire (α = 0. 68). Findings and Based on regression analysis، the use of mass media، attitude to clothing، social resistance and the person''s attitude to themselves are the important factors effect on women''s social security so that these factors were identified the variance of the dependent variable as 55%.

The purpose of the present study is to obtain an analytical-descriptive knowledge of the narcotic outbreak throughout Ilam city. It tries to analyze the rate and prevalence of the narcotic outbreak and most significant narcotic used and its distribution in fourteen various parts of the city. The data collection of the addicts who have referred to the clinical centers and addiction abandon camps; have been done through the descriptive epidemiology method by the use of questionnaire based on check list and method of prey- reprey along with snowball sampling. Moreover, through the usage of statistical extra geometrical formula, the hidden population of addicts is calculated and the approximate real number of addicts in Ilam city is estimated. The overall findings of the research show that addiction in Ilam city is functioned as a male-chose, young-chose, single - chose, burgess-chose, illiterate-chose and middle class chose phenomenon. It has a continuous and progressive procedure and through the decades of 70s to 80s its development has been increased. The research also indicates that a kind of replacement of traditional use of narcotic (like opium) with the new industrial and kitchen narcotics (such as crack and glass) are going to happen. It is estimated that the addict population in Ilam city are about 7000 and the rate of addiction prevalence is about 5.1% for the population of above 15 years old.

The institution of the family has undergone significant changes in Iran over the recent decades mostly due to modernization process, and such changes have caused structure of the Iranian family. This research seeks to survey family structure changes in the context of modernization in Mazandaran province. The research method is quantitative and the methodology utilized is sectional surveying. The statistical society is made up of all family all heads of households residing in the urban and rural areas of Mazandaran province that numbers 931002 households as the general census of population and housing in 2011 indicates. The sample size is 400. Based on cluster sampling method, the share of rural and urban households has been taken into consideration. The findings indicate that is significant difference between mean variables of family types, power structure and attitude to fecundity urban and rural areas with the error level less than 0.01 and the confidence level of 0.99. Also, the mean of dependency women and attitude to fertility was higher in areas urban than areas rural.On the other hand, that is not significant difference between mean variables of family relationship, attitude to marriage and attitude to age with the error level less than 0.01 and the confidence level of 0.99.Over the recent decades, the institution of family and the kinship system have experienced deep changes in their family structure level as a result of introduction of modernization processes and consequences (social, cultural, psychological and political modernization).