parvin khodarahmi

Diabetes Mellitus is related to biochemical and physiological changes in the body. In this study, the effects of anthocyanin on blood biochemical factors related to diabetes in adult diabetic rats treated with streptococci were investigated.

In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were used, which were divided into four groups as follows: a) control group b) diabetic control group that received normal saline as a solvent c) group of rats Diabetics treated with 100 mg/kg of anthocyanin d) group of healthy rats that received 100 mg/kg of anthocyanin. To induce diabetes in the experimental groups, a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma) dissolved in 5 mm citrate buffer (pH = 4.5) was injected intraperitoneally. Then, fasting blood sugar, insulin serum level, and lipid profile serum level were measured.

fasting blood sugar and serum levels of TG and cholesterol increased significantly in the diabetic control group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, fasting blood sugar levels and serum TG and cholesterol levels in the groups treated with anthocyanin showed a significant decrease in comparison with the diabetic control group (P < 0.05). In all diabetic groups compared to the control group, the level of HDL and serum insulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and in the groups treated with anthocyanin compared to the diabetic control group, the level of HDL and serum insulin increased. Also, the weight of rats in the diabetic control group decreased significantly, and in the treatment groups with anthocyanin, the weight of the rats increased compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05).

Anthocyanin can be effective on fasting blood sugar, serum level of insulin, serum level of fat profile and prevent biochemical damage caused by diabetes in diabetic rats treated with streptozocin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anthocyanin on oxidative stress, sperm, and testis structure in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

In this experimental research, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). A total of 64 rats were assigned into four groups as follows: a control group, a diabetic control group, a diabetic group daily administrated with anthocyanin at a dose of 100 mg/kg, and a healthy group daily administrated with anthocyanin for 56 days. After intervention, all the rats were anesthetized, their blood samples were taken, and the serum levels of insulin, glucose, and oxidative stress markers were measured. Finally, the testicles were removed and histological parameters were assessed.

Treating diabetic rats with anthocyanin significantly improved the testis tissue damage, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was up-surged and the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were reduced (P = 0.001). Also, anthocyanin administration (100 mg/kg BW) significantly rectified these parameters (P < 0.05).

Our results confirmed the antioxidant role of anthocyanin in improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes.

In the study , synergistic effect of green tea (camellia sinesis) extract and treadmill aerobic exercise on wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice has been investigated.  

The number of 50 male mice with the approximately weight of 30-35 gram health and adult are put in 5 groups: non diabetic – immobile , diabetic - immobile, diabetic exercise - diabetic and  immobile with green tea extract , diabetic with synergism of exercise and green tea extract. After inducing of diabetes using sterptozotocin mice were killed and in days 3-7-14-21 macroscopic and histopathologic analysis were performed.  

The results indicated that in synergistic group of  green tea extract and treadmill exercise , wound area decreased and fibroblast  increased after 7 days significantly compared with other groups (p<0.001).PMN cells decreased after 3 days significantly compared with other groups (p<0.001).  

The results suggest that green tea extract and treadmill exercise have synergistic effect on wound healing in diabetic mice.

Cadmium is a potent toxicant and carcinogenic in human and experimental animals. The evidence indicates that cadmium induces aberrant gene expression, inhibition of DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of IP (intraperitoneal) injection of cadmium on mRNA levels expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in rat small intestine. 28 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 grams were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Group 1 received saline while the animals in groups 2-4 were injected cadmium at doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg of cadmium for 15 successive days. One day after the last injection, the small intestine was dissected and the mRNA levels expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes was evaluated using Real Time PCR technique. Cadmium increased the mRNA levels of Bax gene compared to the control group at 2 and 4 mg/kg (p < 0.01) in small intestine of rats. The mRNA levels of Bcl-2 gene decreased significantly compared to the control group at 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg (p < 0.001) in small intestine of rats. These results showed Cadmium exposure induced cell apoptosis by increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio expression.

Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant and a potent toxicant to organisms. However, the toxicity of Cadmium and its influences on stomach is still unclear. We examined the effects of intraperitoneal injection of Cadmium on mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in rat stomach.
Twenty eight male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group received saline and the three other groups received Cadmium at doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg for 15 successive days. One day after the last injection, the stomach was dissected and removed and then the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes was evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction.
Cadmium exposure did not change on mRNA level of Bax at the doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg in rat stomach cells. However, the mRNA level of Bcl-2 gene decreased at doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg (body weight) by 0.07, 0.03 and 0.01 times compared with the control cells (p This increased Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio induces cell apoptosisin rat stomach cells.

Aim and Curcumin is the yellow pigment derived from rhizome of turmeric. Curcuminoids are natural phenols that used in natural medicine for thousands of years. Currently antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this material are considered in clinical practice. However, a little study that has been done on the effect of curcumin on a reproductive system.
This study was an experimental study, 40 male NMRI mice weighing 20 to 30 grams were investigated. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, treated with 10mg / kg / Day DEHP, DEHP treatment group with curcumin and curcumin group. After two weeks body weight of mice were measured. Right and left testis was weighed separately. The genital pore distance (AGD) was measured. The blood was drived from the heart, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone performed by ELISA Mehod on mice serum. Testicular samples were cutting 5 microns and stained with hematoxilina-eosina method, ultimately were evaluated.
The study demonstrated protective effects of Curcumin on testis of mice. So that daily administration DEHP10mg / kg / day with 5 ml curcumin can improve the parameters of body weight (p = 0.000), testicular right and left (p = 0.000) and serum testosterone (p = 0.026) compared to mice treated with DEHP was alone. Also microscopic pathological waste, including demolition of Sertoli cells and Leydig cell necrosis in the group treated with DEHP was found in the group treated with curcumin DEHP were improved.
Curcumin protects testicular tissue from free radicals induced of phthalates by antioxidant properties. It also modulates the testoster hormone as a regulator of reproduction, weight and growth process.

Iron oxide nanoparticles are used in fields related to nanotechnology including ecology, magnetic storage, imaging and medicinal purposes. Iron nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species (Ros). These materials are able to cross the placenta. The aim of this study was to investigate toxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on fetal lung in mice.
In this study, at day 14 of pregnancy, fetal lungs were removed and transferred to the Cell culture medium. The lungs were divided into 5 groups, including control, sham and experimental groups of 1, 2 and 3 (received respectively 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg nano iron oxide) and then they were incubated for 24 hours. For histopathological evaluation, lung tissues were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the results were evaluated.
Mean number of bronchioles and the diameter of blood vessels in exprimental groups showed no significant difference compared with control and sham groups. Mean number of blood vessels in experimental groups 1 and 2 showed no significant difference compared to control and sham groups, while in the experimental group 3, mean number of blood vessels showed significant decrease compared to sham and control groups (p The finding of this study showed that in in vitro, conditions, iron oxide nanoparticles reduce number of blood vessels and have cytotoxic effects such as vacuole degeneration and necrosis in the lung tissue of the fetus, in a dose- dependent way.These results can be grounds for in vivo studies.

Silver nanoparticles are small scale substance ( 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of control and three groups of the treatment. The control group received saline and the treatment groups received intraperitoneal injections of silver nanoparticles at doses of 100, 200 and 400ppm. Ten days after the last injection, the hippocampal region was dissected and removed and then the expression of bcl-2 and bax genes was evaluated using semi-qualitative RT-PCR and Densitometry assay.
The expression of anti- apoptotic b-cl2 gene was reduced in the treatment groups compared to the control group. In comparison, the expression of pro- apoptotic bax gene was increased in the treatment groups compared to the control group. This apoptotic affects was increased at higher doses.
The data suggest that silver nanoparticles may produce apoptosis by altering apoptosis- related genes expression, in rat brain hippocampus cells.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been widely used in many technologies to produce medical devices, food technology and textiles. Silver nanoparticles may be absorbed through the lungs and intestine into circulation and thus may reach such organs as the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and testes and brain. It has been demonstrated that silver nanoparticles may have toxic effects on mammalian cells. There are some alarming reports on the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on reproduction of experimental animals. Exposure to silver nanoparticles may exert a neurotoxic effect and affect cognitive functions, causing the impairment of short-term and working memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NP on the learning and memory of rats. The present experimental study was conducted on forty male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g which were divided into five groups of eight as follows: control group and 4 groups of treatment. Control group rats received saline and treatment group’s rats received Ag NP at doses of 50, 250,500 and 1000 mg/ kg/ day using Intra Peritoneal injection (IP) for 14 days. One day after the last injection, the learning and memory function in the rats was examined by the passive avoidance task. Measure of memory and learning were assessed using One-Way ANOVA by SPSS using the Tukey 's test. The results showed that Ag NP at dose of 50, 250, 500 mg/kg made no significant change in the STL (step-through latency) and TDC (Time in Dark Compartment), compared to the control group in the passive avoidance task. Despite, Ag NP at dose of 1000 mg/kg significantly reduced the STL (p<0.01) and increased TDC (p<0.001), but no significant change in the number of trials (p>0.05) compared to the control group. These data suggest that ip microinjection of Ag NP could impair learning and memory at high doses.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been widely used as new potent antimicrobial agents in cosmetic and hygienic products. The silver induced a decrease in the total volume of hippocampal cells and high doses of silver caused cell death. On the other hand, the hippocampus may be an important brain site in the modulation of fear and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NPs on anxiety-like Behavior in rats.
Forty male Wistar rats (200-250 gr) were divided into five groups of eight rats in control group and treatment groups with different doses. Control group rats were injected saline and treatment groups were injected Ag NPs at doses of 50, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal (IP). After two weeks of treatment, the anxiety-related behavior in the rats was examined by the plus maze test.
Our results showed that Ag NPs at dose of 1000 mg/kg/day after 14 days significantly decreased the percentage of open arm duration and the percentage of open arm entries but did not affect the locomotor activities.
These data suggest that IP application of Ag NPs causes an anxiogenic response.

Inroduction & The different researches have been done to prevent population.Ricinus communishas different propertiesThis study analyzes the effects of preventing castor's generating. 21 male mice from NMRI species approximately weighing 20-30 gr classified into one control group and two experimental groups. Within 30 days, the experimental groups injected as 35 and 45mg/kg body weight by castor's hydro alcoholic extract and normal saline injected to the control group. 10 days after the mice were last injected, samples taken from their blood and generating organs.The serums transmitted into laboratory for the hormones assessments and some 5 micron transversal cuts taken from their testicles, next they were painted and spermcellular classification counted. The sperm maker's diameter pipes and the germinal layer measured by 10X lens and the cells counted by100X lens. All the data were done by ANOVA statistical method and Tukey test with the p≤ 0.05 meaningful level.A meaningful decrease observed in seminiferous tubules diameterpipes in the 45 mg/kg concentration,germinal diameter layer in experimental groups and the number of spermatogony, primary spermatocyte, sperm and leydig in experimental groups in comparison to control group(0.05>p). The percentage of the moving sperms, the percentage of the sperm's genetic substance and the sperm's morphology demonstrated a meaningful reduction in experimental groups and the hormones assesments.

It has been suggested that histamine has modulatory influence on anxiety-related behaviors both in animals and humans. On the other hand، GABA (A) receptor modulating drugs such as benzodiazepines have been used to treat anxiety disorders. Co-administration of the aforementioned drugs would be of high interest in terms of anxiety effects. Method & Materials: In the present study، we investigated the anxiety-related effects of individual and combined intraperitoneally administration of histamine and diazepam، a benzodiazepine agent. To do so، anxiolytic indices of Open Arm Times (%OAT) and Open Arm Entries (%OAE) were measured using an elevated plus-maze test of anxiety on rats. Intraperitoneal histamine administration 20 (mg/kg) decreased %OAT، but not locomotor activity، showing an anxiogenic response. Subcutaneous administration of diazepame at dose of 1 mg/kg increased %OAT and %OAE، but not locomotor activity، showing an anxiolytic response. Subcutaneous administration of diazepame، at doses of 1 mg/kg before histamine (20 mg/kg) increased %OAT and %OAE but not locomotor activity، thus showing an anxiolytic response. Our results indicated that the anxiogenic effects induced by histamine in the intraperitoneal could be reversed in the presence of diazepam.

Aim and Background. It has been suggested that histamine have modulator influence on anxiety-related behaviors both in animals and humans. On the other hand, ventral hippocampus (VHC) may be an important brain site in the modulation of fear or anxiety. Materials and Methods. In the present study, the effects of bilateral intra-VHC injections of histamine on anxiety-related behavior have been investigated in morphine-sensitized and naïve rats using a plus-maze model. Sensitization was obtained by subcutaneous injections of morphine, once daily for 3 days and then 5 days free of the drug before test. Results. Our results showed bilateral intra-VHC administration of histamine (2.5, 5 and 7.5μg/rat) decreased %OAT (Open Arm Times) and %OAE (Open Arm Entries) but not locomotor activity that showing an anxiogenic effect. Another results indicated that morphine sensitization increased %OAT and %OAE. Conclusions. Bilateral intra-VHC administration of histamine showed an anxiogenic effect. Moreover, another results indicated that morphine sensitization indicated an anxiolytic response in the presence of histamine.