r. dehghani bidgoli

Land subsidence including downward subsidence with a horizontal displacement vector normally occurs in small amounts. In the present study, two pairs of Sentinel-1A descending and ascending images of 2014 and 2015 were used to survey the subsidence rate in Garmsar Plain. After ensuring the high correlation of the images, their interferogram was prepared and following removal of unnecessary phases, the displacement phase was calculated and converted to the vertical component. The InSAR analysis revealed that the Garmsar Plain witnesses an annual subsidence of 36 cm, which is very close to that of Tehran and Varamin plains. High-subsidence areas are generally located in the northern part of Garmsar, decreasing towards the southeast. The temporal and regional relationships of groundwater data and subsidence suggest that the general pattern of the subsidence in the Garmsar Plain is caused by overexploitation of groundwater that has led to widespread surface deformation. Since Garmsar is close to Tehran metropolis and the industrial boom in this city puts enormous pressure on water resources, there is an urgent need to curb extra groundwater extraction and manage water resources more wisely to decrease the speed of this unrepairable phenomenon in the area.

The global need for water-conserving increasing in arid and semi-arid areas and water preserving by improving vegetative cover in rangelands by reducing the erosion effects is a rational justification for the performance of underground dams. This research aimed to locate underground dams using GIS integrated with the fuzzy algorithm.

The data layers included geology, LU/LC, streams, villages, water resources, and slopes of the Sarakhs region, Iran, were prepared and standardized by the sigmoidal membership function.

Almost 98% of the final maps were in the fuzzy range of 0 to 0.5. This means that suitable locations for constructing underground dams with the fuzzy range of 0.5 to 1 found in less than 2% of the Sarakhs basin.

The superiority of fuzzy method for more scalability from other overlaying methods comes from this fact that in the second step of site selection and in the different management scenarios, we can take advantage from multiple fuzzy ranges.

Estimating crop area is a key factor for crop monitoring and agricultural management. Having annual information on crop acreage and production change is necessary for agricultural decision-makers and planners. In recent years, the cultivation of saffron in Nishabur has received more attention by farmers due to low water requirements and its good income. Planning for the marketing of this strategic product and the provision of agricultural inputs for saffron requires that the information of the area under its cultivation be estimated accurately. The aim of this study was to monitor changes in cultivated areas and to estimate the saffron area using satellite imagery with different spatial resolutions and time series normalized different vegetation indexes (NDVITs). Using Landsat 8 satellite images and time difference methods based on plant phenology estimate the areas under cultivation of saffron was estimated in Fazl Village of Nishabur County. A satellite image of June 17, 2016, related to the plant's dormant phase and another on January 11, 2017, for the vegetative growth stage of saffron was prepared. Using different vegetation indices, saffron cultivation was distinguished from other agricultural products and estimated at 497 hectares with an overall accuracy of 72% and a kappa value of 71%. Also, the results indicated that the accuracy of this method depended on the patch area of agricultural lands, such that in areas less than 2000 square meters, the user's accuracy was 44 percent, in lands with an area between 2000 and 5000 square meters, the accuracy was 66 percent, while in farms between half to one-hectare, the accuracy reached 80% and in lands more than one hectare, the accuracy was 89%. The results of this research indicated that the use method is suitable for estimating the area under the cultivation of saffron and we suggest its examination in other parts of the country.

Medicinal plants, in addition to their role in improving health and human quality of life, can have a positive impact on tourism capacity and tourist attraction. In this study, the economic potential of medicinal plants and its impact on tourism development in Abadanan city of Ilam province was investigated. The study method was descriptive-analytical with data gathering in the library and field through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire. The social classes studied in this study included businessmen, ordinary people, students and teachers. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests and for a better comparison, the results were presented using structural modeling method by AMOS software. The results showed that the medicinal plants tourism affects the economic indicators item with a weighted regression of 0.52. Also, the economic potential of medicinal plants with the factor loading of 0.494 and family income through the sale of medicinal plants with the factor loading of 0.130 had the highest and lowest indirect impact on tourism of medicinal plants, respectively.