فهرست مطالب r. rafiee

Due to the environmental problems caused by wind erosion, it is necessary to stabilize the dust centers with mulches. The objective of the present study was to determine and compare the optimum vinasse mulches based on mechanical indicators for sensitive soil stabilization to wind erosion. In this research, vinasse (0, 100, 200 g) is combined with bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), ash bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), filtercake (0, 12.5, 25 g), and one-liter water (81 treatments). At first, the treatments were determined in the appropriate range of salinity and acidity (35 treatments) and in the next step, the mechanical indicators have been measured after mulching on laboratory trays (2×30×100 cm). Optimum mulches have been determined based on five indicators by mean comparison (Duncan). The mean comparison showed that treatments 33, 30, 34, 32, and 19 show the mean difference between the groups based on layer thickness, impact resistance, compressive strength, and shear strength properly. It can be concluded that vinasse (100 and 200 g) with 50 g bagasse reduces the crack coefficient greatly, and the application of vinasse, bagasse, and filtercake does not affect the compressive strength and impact resistance.

Herbs play an important role in promoting people's health, but they can also transmit pathogenic microorganisms to humans. The shelf life and safety of these products are limited to three days of storage at 4 °C because of post-harvest metabolic activities. In this article, the effects of gamma irradiation doses at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 kGy on fresh leafy vegetables packed under air, N2, and vacuum atmospheres up to 10 days of storage at 4 °C were studied. According to the results of microbial tests, chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, and colorimetric properties of HunterLab, gamma radiation at a dose of 0.5 kGy under a modified packaging atmosphere (MAP) N2 can be recommended to keep fresh garlic chives, basil, mint, and parsley in optimal storage conditions at 4 °C, up to 10 days. This combined processing improves safety and increases the shelf life of fresh leafy vegetables as a practical treatment even to export.

In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation and chitosan on the shelf life of minced beef was investigated. A part of the meat sample was treated with a 2% chitosan solution and the other part was irradiated without chitosan at doses of 3, 5, and 7 kGy in the Gamma cell. Non-irradiated samples (controls) and irradiated samples were evaluated for microbial contamination, quality characteristics including color, odor, blood, and customer likelihood (overall acceptability) as well as lipid peroxidation. The results showed that both irradiation and chitosan treatment had a significant effect on reducing the microbial load of the meat, including all living microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. During the storage period. There were no significant differences in the qualitative characteristics of irradiated and chitosan-treated samples and the non-irradiated control samples. Finally, according to the permissible level of lipid peroxidation, a dose of 3 kGy, was detected as a suitable dose for irradiation of the minced beef to increase its shelf life of it from 2 days to 7 days at 4°C. All meat packing components had good radiation resistance to this dose.

Fresh leafy vegetables are great source of vital nutrients, to promote health and prevent diseases but they can transmit pathogenic microorganisms to human beings. Shelf life of these products is very limited post harvest and after three days at refrigeration temperature, they will spoil. Radiation processing combined with modified atmosphere packaging and refrigeration temperature is a practical treatment to ensure safety and enhance vegetables shelf life even to be used in international trades. The effects of irradiation doses at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 kGy on fresh leafy vegetables packed under air, N2 and vacuum atmospheres up to10 days of storage at 4 °C were studied. According to the results of microbial tests, and antioxidant activity of DPPH°, gamma radiation at dose of 0.5 kGy under N2 packing atmosphere are recommended as optimal storage conditions up to 10 days at 4 °C for fresh garlic chives, basil, mint and parsley.

 one of the major challenges in urban management in human societies is related to the collection, recycling and disposal of solid waste and sewage. Poor waste management causes pollution of water, soil and air. It will have a major impact on public health. The aim of present study was to investigate the current status and select the best options of management of municipal solid waste in Noor city (Mazandaran, Iran) using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology.

This research considered with five scenarios: 1) Recycling, composting and unsanitary landfilling; 2) Recycling, composting and sanitary landfilling; 3) Recycling, incineration and sanitary landfilling; 4) Recycling, composting and anaerobic digestion, incineration, sanitary landfilling; 5) Recycling and unsanitary landfilling. The required data for life cycle assessment inventory were collected through reviewing resources, preparing of questionnaires, completing the questionnaire by staff, and field inspections.The life cycle inventory was approved by the IWM model.

The scenario 5, which is the current situation in the region, had the highest environmental impact in terms of toxic emissions and ecological indicators among all the scenarios. Energy consumption in the scenarios 1 and 5 was higher than the unsanitary landfilling in comparison to the other scenarios. Accordingly, the scenarios 5 and 4 had the most and the least impact on methane gas production.

According to the ecological index, the fourth scenario including recycling, composting and anaerobic digestion, and sanitary landfilling was the best scenario.  Fifth scenario with the highest pollution load was the worst scenario evaluated.