فهرست مطالب r. vafaie

The wasp Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym.: Braconidae) is an external and social larve stage parasitoid of a large number of pests, including the raisin moth Ephestia figulilella (Gregson) (Lep.: Pyralidae). Wasps of the Braconidae family are one of the most important pest parasitoids. The performance of parasitoids can be affected by use of insecticides. In order to simultaneously use of biological control agents and pesticides in pest management, it is necessary to know the effect of pesticides on biological control agents. In this study, the side effects of Lufenuron and Hexaflumuron on the biological parameters of the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor in laboratory conditions and the host flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lep.,: Pyralidae) in the form of a two-factor randomized complete design, the first factor is the type of insecticide (Lufenuron and Hexaflumuron each with a consumption concentration of 500ppm) and the second factor is the wasp life stage including three stages (larve, pupa and adult insect) were performed with three repetitions (5pairs of wasps per repetition). Hexaflumuron and Lufenuron insecticides are chitin synthesis inhibitors and belong to the group of insect growth regulators. Consumption of these two compounds disrupts the normal activity of the internal secretory systems and disrupts the growth and development of insects. The results of the present study showed that the insecticides Lufenuron and Hexaflumuron have an effect on the life span parameters, the average total egg, the number of daily eggs, the hatching rate and the sexual population ratio of the wasp H. hebetor. Both insecticides caused a decrease in the mentioned parameters, and this decrease was more observed in Hexaflumuron insecticide than in Lufenuron insecticide. Also, the life stages of the insect affected the above parameters and minimal effects and changes were obtained in the pupal stage.

Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is considered as one of the most important pests of Ulmus trees at the adult insect stage, especially at the larval stages. The effect of toxicity and nutritional indicators of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia L. on different biological stages of X. luteola investigated under standard environmental conditions. Four replications were considered and after 24 hours, losses were counted. LC50 values for toxicity of C. zeylanicum L., R. officinalis L. and L. angustifolia L. essential oils on adult X. luteola were estimated to be 11.57, 28.83 and 737.87 ppm, respectively, indicating that Cinnamomum essential oil is more toxic than other essential oils. With increasing concentrations of essential oils, eating indicators of second-instar larvae reduced. The relative consumption rate (RCR) of second-instar larvae in Cinnamomum essential oil at concentrations of LC25, LC35 and LC50 showed a significant difference with the control treatment at the level of 5%. The results of essential oil analysis showed that cinnamaldehyde (91.8%), 1, 8-cinnamol (37.8%) and borneol (8.4%) are the predominant compounds in C. zeylanicum L., R. officinalis L. and L. angustifolia L. essential oils, respectively. Increased nutritional inhibition in Cinnamomum essential oil compared to R. officinalis L. and L. angustifolia L. essential oils can be attributed to the strong toxicity of cinnamaldehyde available in this essential oil. The study results show that Cinnamomum essential oil is a more suitable option for controlling this pest than R. officinalis L. and L. angustifolia L. essential oils.