r.darabkhani

The consequences of direct and indirect urban floods are heavy and significant in terms of economic losses. Flood disaster management in developing and underdeveloped countries often shows the reaction to the prevailing conditions of the disaster (emergency response and recovery). In order to increase the effectiveness of management and reduce damage to life and property, reactive response should be changed to preventive action. Preventive management against natural disasters requires more participation of various governments, non-governmental organizations, and private and public participation, which includes more effort and time, funding, equipment, facilities, and human resources, which leads to the integration of flood disaster management for long-term and short-term activities. Considering the geographical location of Iran's cities (being mountainous), which have suffered a lot of casualties and damages due to floods, what can play a significant role in reducing losses and damages caused by floods is the understanding and implementation of comprehensive thinking in flood crisis management. Therefore, the forecasts for floods and their management are necessary, and urban planners and urban management, geologists, etc., should strive to investigate the causes and factors of these natural disasters in urban areas. Due to the topographical and environmental features of Ilam city, including being enclosed in the surrounding mountains, this city faces the threat of flooding. Therefore, with the academic understanding of the current crisis management situation in Ilam, it is possible to reduce the problems and problems of this city to a great extent against the risk of flooding. Thus, according to the mentioned materials, this research tries to identify the current situation of urban flood crisis management in Ilam in three stages before, during, and after the occurrence. Also, in line with the mentioned goal, this article seeks to answer the following question: How is the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam?MethodologyThe research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. To analyze the qualitative and quantitative data, management and social variables were used using the SPSS method (the sample size of the qualitative method using the Delphi method was 25 people, and for the quantitative method, 81 people). The statistical community includes experts in natural disasters and crisis management. The spatial scope of the research is the city of Ilam. In order to analyze the qualitative data, after implementing the text of the answers of the open questionnaire, the qualitative data is first presented using the thematic analysis technique. In the quantitative analysis section, the description of quantitative data regarding the identification of the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam has been discussed in the current situation. In the section on descriptive statistics, using statistical characteristics such as frequency, percentage of frequency, cumulative percentage, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, the current situation of the studied samples has been examined. In the inferential part, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the research data. Then, the methods of inferential statistics appropriate to the research objectives and the nature of the data, such as the sample t-test and Friedman's ranking test, were used.Results and discussionThe results of the discussion and examination of the data of this article, which were analyzed by two statistical methods, qualitative and quantitative, indicate that in both the qualitative and quantitative sections after the statistical investigations carried out in the stages before, during, and after the occurrence crisis; The situation of the crisis management system in Ilam city is unfavorable. Also, in the qualitative studies, it was determined that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis occurred with an average ranking of (2.12) in the first place of importance, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam before the crisis with an average ranking of (98) 1) is in the last rank of importance. In quantitative studies, the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam during the crisis, with an average rating (of 2.93), is in the first place of importance, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis with an average rating (1.15) in the last rank was important.ConclusionIn developing countries, cities are growing. Unprecedented migration to cities has led to the emergence of growing settlements and uncontrolled dispersion of areas, and at the same time, it has led to the unbridled growth of industry and infrastructure development. On the other hand, urban areas have significant economic value, and when a flood occurs in these areas, it leaves a heavy financial loss and causes disasters that delay urban development for years. Considering this importance, this article has investigated the current urban flood crisis management situation in Ilam using the SPSS statistical method. The results of the data analysis obtained from the qualitative and quantitative sections indicate that according to the opinions of the respondents (experts) in both the qualitative and quantitative sections, the state of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam in three stages (before, during, and after the crisis), it is in an unfavorable situation. In the results obtained from Friedman's test in the qualitative part, it was found that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the occurrence of the crisis was the first important and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam before the crisis is the least important. In the results obtained from the Friedman test in the quantitative part, it was determined that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam during the crisis is the first important, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis is the least important. These results indicate that the measures taken in this field are partial in all three stages of the flood crisis, and the state of Ilam's urban flood crisis management system is based on traditional models and does not have a suitable scientific model.

One of the essential responsibilities of urban planners is to designate accommodating locations for the implementation of crisis emergency bases. However, the responsibilities may not be fulfilled unless following the identification of the land’s susceptibilities and limitations in terms of natural disasters, especially flood. In other words, fitting managing measures are impossible to design until the geographic status of the area on which a city is located. Success and effectiveness of any crisis emergency bases’ operation highly depends on the establishment and organization of elements in the relevant time and space. The condition of such elements should be planned based on specific principles and mechanisms. Any failure in complying necessary principles and directives during a process of finding appropriate locations for crisis emergency bases decreases their efficiency as well as leading to additional detrimental conduct, disorder, disturbance, etc. Hence, the present study attempted to evaluate locating priorities for crisis emergency bases in terms of effective criteria, including hospital, fire department, green areas, flood prone zones functions and gas stations, airports, watercourses and passages as well as sportive and religious functions, utilizing hierarchical analysis, fuzzy model and geographic information system. Ultimately, an application of all criteria along with field observation findings resulted in the formation of extensive scopes of priorities of locating proper sites for developing crisis emergency bases. Finding from priority scopes analysis indicated that west areas of the studied zone are more suitable for developing crisis emergency bases in comparison the remaining areas.

Ilam is located through mountains; therefore, every heavy rain develops a flooding in the city. For example, in October 29, 2015, a 189 millimeter raining created a disaster leaving more than 17 million dollars financial loss and 7 casualties. This research aimed to determine the aspects, factors and processes affecting the Ilam’s flooding. This is an applied research with descriptive–analytical and survey approach. A library and reference method used to collect data and apprehend the conditions. Another part of the research utilized a field approach to collect questionnaire prepared with AHP method, which gave out to 30 professionals. Delphi technique was used for distribution among the sample size. The AHP method used again to find out the aim of the paper. The method entailed aspects (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), variables weighted according to expert’s opinions. Also, the importance of variables asked from professionals through a questionnaire. The attempt to analyze the data, aspects and indicators compared two by two using Expert Choice software. Among the selected indicators (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), the class of management indicators deemed most important by professionals (weight of 0.343). Natural and somatic indicators rated second and third. The experts weighed the economic and social – cultural indicators 0.134 and 0.162 respectively putting them in the fourth and fifth rate with least importance on flooding. Therefore, all the selected aspects and indicators were effective on Ilam’s flooding and their impacts degree determined.