raheleh siah kamari

Social development is a balanced collection of social skills and adaptive behaviors that enable a person to interact with others with desirable interactions, to react positively, and to avoid behaviors that have negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of problem-solving skills training on social development of pre-native students. The research method was quasi-experimental with a preliminary and final test design with control group. The statistical population of this study was all children aged 6- 5 years old in Rasht, in the academic year of 1995-96. The sample consisted of 2300 people, 82 of them were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method. The instrument of this study was the Social Inclusion Scheme of Wien (1953). The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the experimental group in the rate of social development of children. In other words, problem-solving education causes their social development. Also, the results indicate that there is no significant difference between the social development scores, girls and boys, and the problem-solving method has had a significant effect on both sexes in the experimental group.

Dyslexia refers to the disability of children in reading. Most psychologists consider dyslexia merely as a sign of a special disorder in the teaching of reading, without which they want to determine a specific cause for dyslexia, which is an important factor in lowering the confidence of these children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-esteem of Kukan Dorsa in the primary school of Kermanshah in the academic year 2016-2017. In this study, descriptive-analytic design was used. The statistical population consisted of all dyslexic students who filed in the school disturbance centers during the school year 2016-2017. Sample size was calculated by Cramer formula and error rate of 5% and with confidence of 95% of 140 people. According to considering loss, 116 patients were randomly selected from among dyslexic children in the center Learning outcomes No. 2 in Kermanshah city, which consisted of 300 people, were selected. To assess the self-esteem of these children, Cooper Smith's self-esteem test was used. The results showed that the mean total self-esteem scale was 10.40 and its standard deviation was 1.47, the social self-esteem scale had a mean of 1.34 and standard deviation of 0.44 and family self-esteem scale with a mean of 2.24 and standard deviation 0.53 and the academic self-esteem scale has a mean of 2.88 and standard deviation of 0.48. Regarding the statistical analysis, there was a significant difference between total self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem and educational self-esteem in these children. All of the scales were significant at P≤0.001. Considering that the children's self-esteem was lower than normal, so, by educating the self-esteem, these can be promoted to these children.

Chronic diseases, such as cancer, are among the factors seriously affecting health and marital satisfaction. Regarding this, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling marital satisfaction among women with breast cancer in Kermanshah province, Iran. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 250 females with breast cancer referring to the hospitals of Kermanshah in 2017-2018. The study population was selected through convenience sampling technique. The data were collected using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, Religious Orientation Scale by Allport, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Sense of Humor Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by means of ANOVA and ANCOVA. According to the results, sense of humor, quality of life, and religious orientation affected marital satisfaction both directly and indirectly (with the mediation of quality of life). These variables could account for 78% of marital satisfaction variance. As the findings of this study indicated, in addition to physical problems, women suffering from breast cancer deal with psychological issues. Regarding this, the psychologists and therapists working in the field of family affairs are recommended to reduce the stress and anxiety in these patients by the establishment of an environment boosting sense of humor, improving quality of life, and forming a proper religious orientation among the patients with the collaboration of the their family

In the retirement age, people experience conflicts and marital problems as they go through one of the transitional stages of life and spend more time at home and face new sources of stress. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of coping strategies, purposefulness in life, and quality of life in the level of marital adjustment in retirees.
The present study was a correlational survey. The population consisted of 200 retirees of Nahavand during year 2016, selected by simple random sampling method, as the study sample. The research tools were Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ), Marital Status Inventory and WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL-26), and Golombok-Rust marital status inventory. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.
The results showed that there was a negative correlation between task-oriented strategy and marital adjustment (-0.22), a significant positive correlation between emotion-oriented strategy and marital adjustment (0.20), and a significant negative correlation between the avoidance strategy and marital adjustment (-0.19). Meaning of life was also negatively correlated with marital adjustment (-0.37). Quality of life had a moderate negative correlation with marital adjustment (-0.46). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that coping strategies, meaning of life, and quality of life with multiple correlation coefficient of 0.56 could significantly predict 31% of marital adjustment variance.
According to the results of the current study, effective coping strategies, meaningful life, and good quality of life are predictors of marital adjustment in retirees. Consideration of these issues is necessary for employees of government and nongovernmental organizations, who are on the brink of retirement, in order to cope with marital problems during the retirement period.

The present study is aimed at dealing with stress management strategies and impulsivity in opiate abusers, sedative and stimulus is conducted. In the study, a causal-comparative method was adopted. Research participants included 180 drug users inhabiting the already determined addiction centers in Shiraz. They were selected using Available random sampling. To collect the data, stress management strategies and impulsivity scales were employed, and to analyze the results, descriptive statistical methods and variance analysis were used. The results indicated that abuse stimulating consumers significantly more than consumers emotion-centered use of opioids and moderator of coping strategies virgin (0.007), but abusers response-moderator (0.26) and opioids - moderator (0.43) were not significantly different. As well as the construction abusers significantly greater impulsivity as compared to the stimulus (0.012) and opioids (0.005) showed, but stimulants and opioids two groups had no significant differences in impulsivity variables (0.94). It can be said that the research is based on the type of substance, in terms of coping with stress and control of their impulsivity, of consumers stimulants other than using virgin materials more negatively of coping with stress and drug abuse-moderator of impulsivity than other people are experiencing abuse.