فهرست مطالب rahim heydari chianeh

Because of modernization, local and national identities getting deformed and Have been lost their originality. Tabriz Bazaar which is considered as registered historical building never been out of this risks and there should be contextualist consideration in its designing and its improvement. The question that can be asked is what effect this kind of attention, ie contextualism, has on the Tabriz Bazar’s brand equity. This research has been done with a mixed method approach with a sequential exploratory scheme (first a qualitative method and then a quantitative method). In the first stage, experts were interviewed to extract the contextualist model of traditional commercial spaces, which did not exist before, and the data obtained from interviews with experts were evaluated using thematic analysis. The results of this analysis showed the pattern of contextualization of traditional commercial spaces. Then, after compiling the contextual questions in the form of a questionnaire, the complete questionnaire - which included the contextual questions and brand equity - was distributed and collected among 374 tourists in Tabriz Bazar. The data were then tested using Smart-Pls software and structural equation modeling. Findings show that from the perspective of Tabriz Bazar tourists, contextualism had a positive effect on brand equity. As a result, the contextualism model obtained in the present study and the preservation of social, cultural and historical values can be used to strengthen the special value of the Tabriz Bazar brand.

Intense competition between cities as tourist destinations has made it necessary for cities to find solutions to differentiate themselves from other cities and destinations. Therefore, creativity is a necessary element in the social, economic and cultural development of cities. Creativity is necessary to increase the commercial capacity of cities. Tourism takes different forms over time, according to people and cultures, and it needs to be organized in line with new ideas in the near future. Creative tourism is the last part of tourism development. It is possible to develop creative tourism in Iran, especially in big cities like Tabriz, due to such issues as having historical, cultural, artistic, natural and religious attractions. Statistics show that the amount of international tourist arrivals and the quality of Iran's tourism industry and, accordingly, the city of Tabriz are not proportional to its tourist attractions; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to tourism as one of the main policies of the urban development of Tabriz. Applying creative tourism dimensions in all urban areas can be a very good lever to improve the urban competitiveness of this city in regional, national and even global dimensions. The main goal of this study was to study, accurately recognize and scientifically examine the components and indicators of creative tourism according to the conditions of Tabriz city and evaluate the impact of these components and indicators on the urban competitiveness of this city. The tools and methods to achieve this goal were questionnaires and interviews with specialists in Tabriz tourism. The results showed that among the 44 indicators identified using the structural analysis method, 13 indicators were selected as vital drivers, among which the social participation index with a total impact score of 1410 is the most effective index and strategic insight events with a score of 710 are the 13th vital driver.

Smart tourism is a new applied term that describes the increasing dependence of tourism destinations, industries and different forms of tourists on new forms of information and communication technology that transform massive amounts of data into valuable propositions. Despite the growing importance of smart tourism, as one of the most basic sources of income for societies, not so many studies (especially inside the country) have been conducted in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this research was document analysis of authentic domestic articles about smart tourism in an analytical way. The current research is descriptive-analytical and its method is analysis. The statistical population of this research includes all scientific-research articles that have been published in scientific-research publications approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in the country, and due to the small number of them (12 cases), the full enumeration method was used. The results of the analysis show that from 2016 to now (2021) there are only 12 scientific research articles in the country, which indicates the lack of attention to research on smart tourism in Iran. Also, the results show that in terms of geographical distribution, Isfahan city is in the first place and the field of management, especially Market management, has played the most important role in the field of smart tourism in Iran. Also the superiority of the combined method over positivism or positivism is quite evident. Another finding of the research is that the method of collecting most the printed articles was documentary and combined (questionnaire and interview). Also the data analysis in most of the articles has been using the typical T-Tech test, structural equation model and composite model, and regarding the widely used software in the field of domestic smart tourism articles, we can mention SPSS software along with Smart PLS.

Urban areas are often considered important tourist destinations due to the fact that they have many historical and cultural attractions. The tourism industry as a new industry, especially in recent years, has had a profound impact on the economic, social and cultural situation of most countries in the world. Studies on the effects of tourism in the 1960s focused on the positive effects of tourism and on its negative effects in the 1970s, and in the 1980s, they turned to a more balanced and systematic approach. From the cultural and social aspect, tourism will cause cultural interaction with the outside world, the internationalization of local culture, the improvement of educational and health systems, but with all its beneficial effects in the socio-cultural field, it has also had destructive effects. In this regard, this article has investigated the aforementioned factors with the aim of evaluating and understanding the effects of tourism development in the metropolis of Tabriz. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The most important research tool is the questionnaire, which was distributed and questioned among the residents of the host community. In order to analyze and evaluate the results, statistical methods and models, including Cronbach's alpha, Klumgrove-Smirnov and Student's t-test, have been used as needed. The results of the research show that the host community of Tabriz does not have a positive understanding of the effects of tourism development in this city, which indirectly has a negative effect on the social participation of citizens and their sense of acceptance of tourists.

Because of globalization and cultural globalization, local and national identities getting deformed. Have been lost their originality and social interaction, places transform to the planeness Relph stated that this placeness have qualities like biformal, sense of none formality, deforestation of places.Since tourist are tend to visit urban spaces that are unique and have different qualities, so, the repetitions of other communities urbanism patterns in urban areas would have negative effects on attraction of urban spaces. So, there seem to have need to put local pattern and values in cornerstone of urban policy. Thus, urban spaces are required to be context friendly to be more competitive and attractive.Besides, since there is a critical demand for shopping malls and restoring classic Bazzars, cultural transformation of time passing, dominance of classicity and new needs of communities including tourists, it is logical to offer contextualism pattern in such spaces. Unless there would be such a new pattern, it can be deteriorated function and branding of the spaces. Getting the pattern, it is required to empirically test its impacts on brand equity of Lalehpark shopping center. As if it would have positive on brand equity it would be recommended to apply this pattern for designing such shopping spaces.

Aiming to sort out particular problem of the society, the research is considered as applied one. The method is considered as mixed method which firstly thematic method (as a qualitative method) were included in the research. For doing thematic analysis for getting contextualism pattern for modern shopping centers, interviews were done and in 9th interview theoretical saturation were recognized in the research process. In this phase, thematic analysis started to work and after initial coding, it is required to mix the codes. The mixed codes forms main and sub themes. By making sub theme, the codes have hemoginity categorize in same main theme, and then by using the components extracted of it for contextualism its impact on brand equity were examined by  structural equation modeling . the appropriate software were determined for executing such a modeling was Smart-Pls. doing explanatory factor analysis, data were inserted to Smart-PlS to have firstly some tests on validity, reliability, T-valueand based on them three items were removed to have valid results.

The results shows that there is a positive impact of contextualism on brand equity by .767 route coeffienct, as well there is such a positive impact between contextualism contextualism i.e. symbolic contextulaism, convergence contextualism and geographic contextualism and brand equity variable. The results imply that in order to have a great brand equity in such shopping centers it is better to practical execute of the pattern in such shopping centers. As well, the results indicate that to have attractiveness in such shopping centers it should include some historical and cultural values in designing.Although the research made some different pattern for shopping centers that have not ever offered but there is a similarity with background researches such as Merriles and etal and Eladly.In spite of having some good features such as its attractiveness, publicity, offering well-known brands, there would be some recommendation for its improvement:1-making bus line and sub way system terminated to Lalehpark.2- Have more cultural events in the shopping center.3- Completing shopping center projects surrounded to Lalehpark and harmonize them with Lalehpark as distinctive building based in the area.4-offering spaces for youth such as sitting areas or reading areas.5- Prioritizing low income individuals demands and offering affordable products.6- Making separation of food court and path to have more calm and safe place for serving food.

The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether global registration of Tabriz Bazar has an impact on tourism development and economic development of this market. On this basis, some hypotheses were developed and a conceptual model was designed for research. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data gathering is documentary and field. According to Cochran sample size formula, 384 questionnaires were randomly distributed among tourists visiting the Tabriz market and 330 questionnaires were analyzed with 86% return rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the direct path analysis for the main hypothesis with the path coefficient of 0.723 confirm the relationship between the Tabriz Bazar registration and the number of tourists and the results of indirect path analysis indicate tourism development and its impact on economic development with path coefficient of 0.383. The results of data analysis showed that the global registration of Tabriz Bazar has a direct and indirect impact on tourism development and economic development of Tabriz Bazar.

Tourism in the 21st century has become a main tool to have a high quality of life. Therefore, countries require to develop a tourism development strategy so that they can achieve its interests. In each country, the basic factors affecting the development of tourism can be divided into two parts: "contextual factors" and "tourism policy"; contextual factors are necessary condition but not sufficient. In Iran, the steps of tourism development have not been taken in the same way, which it is partly related to contextual factors and also partly related to the formulation of uniform policies and the preparation of a single version at the country level, and at the same time, there are different implementation and monitoring in the advancement of programs and policies, which has played a major role in the lack of tourism development, especially in the border regions. Hawraman's site is a clear example. This site was registered as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran by UNESCO. This site has about 409 thousand hectares of field and privacy, of which 106 thousand hectares belong to the feild and 303 thousand hectares are part of the privacy, which has a population of over 400 thousand people. This site in Kurdistan province includes the cities of Sanandaj, Kamiyaran and Sarovabad and in Kermanshah province, it includes the cities of Ravansar, Paveh, Javanroud and Salas Babajani. It has a total of 10 cities and about 700 villages and subordinate places, most of which are in Kermanshah province.

This research is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of its nature, it is also based on the method of perspective research and structural analysis. The statistical population of the research is (20 people) from people who were professionally involved in tourism activities.

Results and discussion :

The results of 36 effective and strategic indicators in the Mic Mac software show that tourism laws and regulations, macro-government policies, skilled and trained manpower, respectively, have the greatest influence and effective and also the pattern of local residents on the behavior of tourists, reducing irreversible resources, and loyalty to local customs have had the least impact on tourism development policies in Hawraman site.Educational programs, skilled and trained manpower, awareness of the local community and tourists, cultural participation of citizens, social/psychological security, tourism events, cultural/historical works, preservation of native architecture, recreation with a tourism approach, attractiveness and desire to visit again, tourism rules and regulations, macro government policies, private sector participation and investment, tourism sector budget, de-escalation are 15 effective factors, especially within the countries of the region, on the preparations of the scenario basket and also the final factors that are effective drivers and propulsion for the tourism development policy of Hawraman site.

The unique differences and similarities in Hawraman site have caused the formation of diverse subcultures. Diversity of ethnicities, diversity in dress, accent, customs, etc., and at the same time cultural cohesion has created a special attraction for tourists. Preservation of this category of cultural values has special importance for the beneficiaries. Also, maintaining and remaining in the UNESCO list is highly dependent on the preservation of cultural/historical works and local architectural values and sensitivity in recreating these textures. Hence, policies and rules and regulations should be ruled that can protect world, national, local and local heritage such as preserving the environment, natural resources, human heritage, preserving cultural values, etc. Most of these policies and rules and regulations can be found in the history of this civilization of several thousand years.

the objective of this study is to identify, identify, and prioritize the most important factors and components for planning and developing Islamic destinations by examining and reviewing research conducted in this area using a qualitative meta-analysis approach. A secondary objective of this study is also to provide a conceptual model for the process of Islamic destination planning and development.

Design/methodology/approach:

 This study is a documentary research, and by its methodological approach, it belongs to the category of qualitative research. The statistical population included all available articles published in Persian and English journals until the end of 2022 and 1401 AH and relevant scientific databases were used for sampling.

The most important factors that affect the planning and development of Islamic destinations and their prioritization include the four factors of services, access, environment and communication and 16 components related to these factors.

it is possible to generalize the proposed process for planning and development of Islamic destinations, including the formation of an inclusive planning task force, the collection of evidence and recognition of the existing situation, the determination of the direction of movement for the destination, the identification of the necessary actions and their implementation, and finally the measurement of the progress of the work and further achievement of the planning goal.

Originality/value: 

Compared to previous studies, applying a meta-analytical approach while forming new ideas for optimal planning can help managers, researchers, etc. to have a proper vision of this growing market as a practical guide.

The airport is an integral part of a city's infrastructure that helps increase its commercial capacity. Airlines are the core of the transportation industry and one of the main pillars of the tourism industry, providing appropriate services to tourists is one of the requirements of the current competitive environment. Therefore, the present study seeks to assess the level of tourist satisfaction of Mehrabad Airport as one of the most important air transport infrastructure and of course tourism in the country, using the HOLSAT model, for this purpose, a descriptive-analytical and survey method has been used. The statistical population of the study is tourists who have traveled to Tehran province to do all kinds of tourism. The sample size is 100 tourists who were selected at random. A questionnaire was used to collect information and SPSS and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The results of the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in the HOLSAT model show the different levels of tourist satisfaction in terms of services and quality of tourism at Mehrabad Airport. In such a way that only the variables of air conditioning and traffic cost were in the win-win scenario mode and the rest of the variables are in the losing or intermediate mode. In general, it can be concluded that tourists' expectations are somewhat higher than their experience regarding the tourism situation at Mehrabad Airport, and this means dissatisfaction.

the purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the competitiveness of tourism destinations. The present study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical method. The required data for the study were collected in two forms: library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study consisted of incoming tourists to Ardebil city. Due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of incoming tourists the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size for an unlimited population. The sample size was 384 people. It was a simple accident. In order to check the validity of the questionnaire, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in two stages of face and face validity through the opinion of professors and experts, and divergent validity was confirmed by calculating the extracted mean variance index (AVE). The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha and the combined reliability coefficient (cr). The results of Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability of the questionnaire confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. Spss and lisrel software were used for data analysis. The findings of this study showed that creativity and sustainability of tourism destinations have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations. The results also showed that the impact of sustainability of tourism destinations on the competitiveness of tourism destinations is more than the creativity of tourism destinations

In recent years, the issue of sustainable development in urban areas has been one of the most important topics among researchers, professors and urban planning experts, and although many questions have been focused on what should be done and how to solve these challenges and how to do it. (Pourmohammadi, 2003: 1) But in reality, effective solutions are few and the need to renew the attitude to the city and, of course, urban planning, is more evident than ever. Cities face many challenges in the economic, social and environmental fields. At the same time, the increase in population along with the increasing proportion of urbanization has brought harmful consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and is a warning of urban instability, which in turn has severely affected livability in cities (Sasanpour et al., 2014: 29). In this regard, reducing social, cultural, service problems, strengthening the spirit of citizen participation in urban affairs, restoring peace, comfort and beauty to urban environments, implementing social justice effectively and restoring security in various dimensions, all in the hands of management It is an optimal city (Hosseinzadeh Dalir et al., 2012: 161). In this study, which has been conducted with the aim of studying the situation of livability in the regions of Tabriz, while comparatively comparing the situation of regions based on objective and subjective approaches, has identified the key components affecting the promotion of livability. The main question of the research is what is the situation of different areas of Tabriz in terms of livability? And what factors affect the improvement of livability in these areas?

Descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tools (at two levels of citizens and experts) have been used. In this regard, one-sample t-test in SPSS software environment, Vicker's multi-attribute decision model and interaction / structural impact analysis method were used using Mick Mac software to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study was the residents of 10 districts of Tabriz, and the statistical sample was selected based on stratified sampling method and the proportion of population share of the regions using simple random sampling method.

The physical dimension, based on the opinions of experts and the sample t-test, has an average of 3.28, which is above average. The value of this dimension, according to citizens, is equal to 3.20 above average (theoretical average of 3). According to the opinions of the citizens of District 9 and according to the opinions of experts, District 1 is in the first place. The results of Vickor analysis also show the first rank of Region 2 in terms of viability. Regarding the effective factors obtained from Mick Mac software, the results show that the renovation of worn tissue and the improvement of marginal tissue are key influential factors.

In the section of biodegradability analysis, based on objective criteria, 8 criteria were used and the areas were ranked according to their per capita related to urban uses using the Victor technique. The ranking of the regions is; Zones 2, 9, 5, 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 9 and 10. Regarding the analysis of key factors affecting urban livability, cross-structural / structural analysis method was used. This was done in the Mic Mac software environment. The results show that in order of factors; Creating employment and sustainable income, renovating worn-out structures, improving suburban structures, providing adequate housing, developing green and open spaces, and providing infrastructure services are key factors. Considering this, it can be said that among the 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis, we are witnessing a spatial imbalance in terms of livability, and the optimal management of the mentioned cases plays an important role in eliminating this spatial imbalance. Based on this, it can be acknowledged that achieving viability requires an attitude similar to a living organism that people and place are two sides of this living organism.

In order to diversify the sources of economic growth and foreign exchange earnings, as well as to create new job opportunities in the country, the development of the tourism industry is very important; Because Iran is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions and has a great potential for international tourism. One of the most important measures required to improve tourism economic indicators in the country and the city of Tabriz is to adopt strategies for marketing tourism according to the conditions of the post-modern era and post-modern tourists. In this regard, this article, with an exploratory approach based on future research methods, has evaluated postmodern tourism marketing strategies using Delphi methods, cross-effects analysis, scenario writing, and SWAT. The results show that among the 49 indicators affecting the future of post-modern tourism marketing in Tabriz city, 21 indicators were selected as vital drivers. 63 situations (scenarios) were developed for scenario development using selected indicators, and after evaluating and weighting the scenarios, 6 scenarios were selected as possible scenarios out of 3621 scenarios, among which the fifth scenario is the best and basic scenario. Analysis and presentation of the selected leaders. Among the four strategies based on the SWAT method, the offensive scenario with a score of 0.0108 was suggested as the best strategy.

Today, informal settlements and the lack of security of occupation in them has attracted the attention of many researchers , so much so that the Human Housing Organization has mentioned the insecurity of occupation as an indicator of deprivation in informal settlements. Occupation security is one of the most important issues facing informal settlements.The subject of this research (or study) is the analysis of the role of the security of occupation in the physical quality of housing in Yousef- Abad neighborhood, one of the informal housing centers of Tabriz metropolis, which is located within the area of Tabriz Region 1. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of perceptual occupancy security and the relationship between the perceptual occupancy security and the physical quality of housing in the studied area. The research method used in this research is of descriptive and correlation type, and it uses the survey method and a questionnaire tool, and SPSS. 25 software is used for data analysis. The statistical population in this study is the residents of Yousefabad informal settlement neighborhood. The probabilistic sampling method is simple and "Charles Cochran's" formula has been used to calculate the sample size And the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 373. The results show that the level of the perceptual occupancy security is very low in this district, and the Index of evacuation to any time is one of the main factors in reducing the security of perceptual occupation in Yousef- Abad neighborhood. and these is not a positive and meaningful relationship between the perceptual occupancy security and physical quality of housing.

In this essay I present a new and empirically-testable strategy for completing quantum mechanics. In recent decades, urban design and architecture disciplines witnessed plenty of theories and school development. Primarily, those disciplines are inspired by philosophical perspectives. Thus, it is required to have a good deal of perception on the philosophical roots. Contextualism theory and approach is considered one of the most important controversial approaches in urban design and architecture. The present study intends to elaborate contextualism and explicate its difference with other similar philosophical ideas. Subsequently, it tends to explain the epistemological and philosophical foundations of contextualism in postmodernism and Gestalt school and subsequently to elucidate its position in the postmodern art and specifically in postmodern urban design and architecture. Contextualism is an idea based on the epistemology that the meaning perceived from an epistemological sentence would differ according to the epistemological standards. The idea has three distinct uses in philosophical views, primarily, the truth condition of the sentences is come to be assessed; in the second use, the language meaning is dependent on the context. The paper indicates the first and second uses of contextualism are mostly seen in urban design and architecture contextualism theory.

The tourism destination image is one of the most important and debatable topics in marketing research in the tourism industry.Because, it influences both the choice of travel destination and the future behavior of tourists.Despite the importance of this concept in the development of the tourism industry, the subject of the image in studies of Iranian tourism has not received notable attention.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the tourist images from Tabriz metropolitan before and after their trip.The research was conducted by descriptive-analytical and survey methods. In this regard, a well-defined questionnaire was used to collect the data.The study analysis has been done by using descriptive statistics analysis, one-sample t-test, paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient method(s).The results of this study showed that visiting of Tabriz city caused a significant positive change in the tourist image.There is also a significant positive correlation between tourists' image with their willingness to re-travel to this city.Recreation, leisure activities, and visiting of tourist attractions were the most effective motivations for traveling and choosing of Tabriz as a travel destination.The important point in conjunction with the ways of getting information of the tourist’s destination is that the significant development of social Medias operate as new forms of word of mouth advertising alongside its traditional form (friends and acquaintances) in producing the tourist's previous cognition and images prior to their trips to the our case study.The results of the present study would be beneficial for image management and tourism development activities of Tabriz metropolitan.

Today, tourism industry has become not only an important economic resource for many countries; it is also referred to as an invisible export because of its unique economic mechanism. Despite economic and political instability and natural disasters, the tourism industry grew by 4% in 2019 to $ 1.7 trillion and surpassing the growth of the global economy in 2018. However, poorly planned development can have devastating effects on natural resources and local communities. As a result, sustainability is a vital factor in the growth and competitiveness of a tourism destination. These days, in order to achieve the sustainable development of urban tourism, destinations must make the best use of their resources and competitive advantages in the field of tourism. On the other hand, the competitiveness of a tourism destination must be sustainable. In a tourism destination, the main actors include tourists and a wide range of domestic stakeholders such as local residents, businesses and governments and only considered tourists, destinations and competitors, regardless of domestic stakeholders, cannot guarantee the survival of competitiveness and sustainability of urban tourism destinations. Ardabil city, which is the main tourism hub of Ardabil province and has a unique position in comparison with other areas, both in terms of geographical location in the center of the province and having suitable resources and potentials, as well as the possibility of proper access to this city. The opinion has given an important status and position in the tourism sector, despite having various tourism potentials, this city has not been able to attract tourists. Therefore, this study is aimed at answering the question: Do memorable experiences affect the sustainability and competitiveness of tourism destinations?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In order to collect data, library and field methods were used. The statistical population of the study consisted of incoming tourists to Ardabil. Due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of incoming tourists, Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size for an unlimited community and the sample size was estimated at 384 people. It was a simple coincidence. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by calculating Cronbach's alpha and calculating the combined reliability coefficient (CR). The results of Cronbach's alpha value and the combined reliability of the questionnaire confirm the appropriate reliability of the used questionnaire. In this study, SPSS and LISREL software programs were used to analyze the research data.

In testing the first hypothesis of the research, because the path coefficient was 0.52 and also considering that the value of T statistic was equal to 7.31, which is more than 1.96; therefore, this route coefficient is significant and the research hypothesis is confirmed and it can be said that memorable experiences of tourists have a positive and significant effect on the stability of tourism destinations. In the test of the second hypothesis of the research, according to the path coefficient is 0.31 and considering that the value of T statistic is equal to 5.49, which is more than 1.96; thus, this route coefficient is significant and the research hypothesis is confirmed and it can be said that memorable experiences of tourists have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. In testing the third hypothesis of the research, considering that the path coefficient of this hypothesis is estimated to be 0.55 and based on the value of T statistic obtained is equal to 7.99, which is more than 1.96; therefore, this path coefficient is significant and the research hypothesis is confirmed and it can be said that the sustainability of tourism destinations has a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of tourism destinations.

The results of examination of the first hypothesis of the study showed that memorable experiences of tourists have a positive and significant effect on the stability of tourism destinations. In order to interpret the results of this hypothesis, it can be said that the memorable experiences of tourists from tourism destinations create clear images for them and make their mental evaluation of the destinations more desirable, this increases the field of attachment to the destination. Enhancing tourist satisfaction leads to an increase of incomes and sustainable development of destinations. Researchers also argue that memorable tourism experiences are the best predictor of future tourist behavior and represent a new and decisive criterion for measuring tourist satisfaction and the intention to revisit the destination. Examination of the second hypothesis of the research showed that memorable experiences of tourists have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. In order to expand the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that the destinations should create memorable tourism experiences for their customers to increase their competitiveness. In fact, a tourism destination is competitive when in addition to it attracts countless tourists and brings them satisfaction and memorable experiences, as well as the ability to maintain and increase natural capital, earn income and enhance the welfare of citizens. The results of examining the third hypothesis of the study showed that the sustainability of tourism destinations has a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations. In order to explicate the results, it can be said that the sustainability of tourism destinations preserves its natural and cultural resources by providing more satisfactory experiences to tourists than competitors, and also creates long-term well-being for residents, thus, the basis for optimal competitiveness of tourism destinations will be constructed.

The rapid increase in tourism demand since the 1960s has led many entrepreneurs and governments in different countries to invest in this industry without a detailed analysis of its costs and benefits. This trend followed by and regional inequalities as well as economic, environmental and social problems. By identifying regional inequalities also finding the source of these inequalities, effective solutions can be provided to reduce it and the integrated dynamics of different regions. Therefore, the present study aims to measure the inequality of tourism infrastructure development in the central and related provinces and examines the role of tourism development in reducing regional inequalities. In this study, the statistical population and sample were selected as cluster random sampling including 384 people via documentary and library studies as well as field observations and questionnaire. Data were analyzed by statistical tests in SPSS software and in order to prioritize and evaluate the criteria and layers of information in relation to their weight, multi-criteria decision analysis methods based on TOPSIS method were used. Economic function of tourism in the component of regional inequalities in the studied areas based on the results showed that Isfahan province with a coefficient (0.829) is first, East Azerbaijan with a coefficient (0.784) is second, Yazd with a coefficient (0.779) is third, Kerman province is fourth with a coefficient (0.778), West Azerbaijan province is fifth with a coefficient (0.756) and Ardabil province is sixth with a coefficient (0.749). As a result, the most economic effects of tourism on the regional development are seen in Isfahan province and the least in Ardabil province. Considering the final results of the model, it can be said that the central regions have more economic and tourism functions than the northwestern regions of Iran.

Tourists perceived image towards the tourism destination is one of the effective factors in attracting tourists for visiting a place and choosing every trip destination, a destination image, especially a positive one, plays an effective and a significant part in future behaviors of tourists, such as their satisfaction and loyalty to tourism destination. based on which the present study is to indicate the effect of perceived image of tourists from Tabriz on their satisfaction and loyalty to the city. Questionnaires were as the main tool of data collection. So, 388 questionnaires were distributed among tourists through a random sampling in summer, 1397, structural equation analyses modeling, SPSS 20 and Amos 24 software’s were used to analyze the data and also to test the hypothesis of the research, the results of the present study show that the quality of the perceived image of tourists from Tabriz has directly positive and meaningful effect on their loyalty. The satisfaction of tourists also on its turn does have a direct and meaningful effect on their loyalty. Finally, the destination image, in addition to direct impact also affects the loyalty of tourists indirectly and through satisfaction.

In recent years, the practice of branding and marketing has become extremely popular within the context of destination. The concepts of destination image and destination marketing are closely interrelated. The ultimate goal of any destination is to influence possible tourist-travel-related decision making through marketing activities .A strong image and brand of the destination may amplify different aspects of social capital which in fact grants to the society.
Ultimately, a destination brand manifests an image (or lack of) in tourists’ mind. Moreover, both academicians and practitioners have recognized that destination image (DI) is not static but altering .the importance of DI represents the necessity of theoretical and practical contemplation in the studies agendas of researchers and authorities of tourism.
This study intends to focus on Tabriz brand which has distinctive architecture. This particular architecture is referred in many academic sources as Azeri architecture. The other purpose of this study is to analyze strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Tabriz brand which inevitably will reinforce this brand systematically and strategically
In order to utilize strategic branding of Tabriz practically, we went through SWOT- AHP using external and internal factors which have been affecting branding of this city; the factors considered for this procedure ranked by experts corresponded to the questionnaires provided by the authors. Finally, according to the strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats of Tabriz branding, some strategies have been reflected in this paper.
Discussion and Tourism organizations attempt to identify their branding because of a recognized brand added tangible values to intangible tourism services. Two approaches or scenarios should be distinguished. First is the strategic approach: changing an image of the place while changing its actual reality. This method facilitates the problems solving procedure in the destination, this kind of facilitation presenting in problem shooting reduces the problem existing in the cities and in fact augment tourism and marketing . The second approach is cosmetic which attempts to provide a different image of the place without changing anything in the context of place but making up the place decoratively delightful and presents a cosmetic portrait of the destination; by the latter method the problems do not seen are not seem to be solved or managed.
Analyzing the image management of Tabriz by SWOT-AHP model Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and threats was determined. The main strengths of image management of Tabriz refer to historical identity and unique historical and cultural spaces, Authorities strong will to develop tourism, being in specific geographical location. Main Weaknesses are people’ tendency in replacing western forms and patterns to the traditional local ones , Lack of attention to the local architecture schools in recent developments, and Lack of plan for urban branding. Most important opportunities for Tabriz destination image management is Emphasis on tourism development in 5th development plan of Iran, Emphasis on cultural-Iranian development in 5th development plan of Iran. Finally, most important threats are associated with Globalization and debilitation of local identity of Iranian cities, Media propaganda against Iran.
Geographical distances which lead to deterioration of city images specialty Islamic cities, can be improved by strengthen unique brand of cities. By making spaces according to the human and cultural content of contexts; sense of place will be reinforced and Islamic cities will have distinctive brands.

This study was carried out with the aim of allocating relevant factors for such effective socio-cultural interactions relationship between guests and hosts to find out the importance of them. Result shows that the most important factors of this study are importance of an appropriate social interactions relationship between hosts and guests, act respectfully to the host culture to avoid cultural clashes, informing tourist about culture and tradition of host community, hospitality and the appropriate welcoming, the satisfaction of tourist from cultural exchanges, festivals and special events, the tourists satisfaction from police behavior and the opportunity to have cultural contact.
Undoubtedly, the role of tourism in economic development, enhances community well-being and reduces regional disparities through its own mechanisms including employment opportunities, relevance redistribution of economic resources, such as tourists spent money, increase of economic leakage and multiplier effect rate, are so for some of developing countries is important which some of scholars such as Britton, Turner and De Kadt have considered it as relevance developing scenario, and even like a passport for them. Hence producing appropriate socio-cultural conspectus between host and guest communities in terms of social and economic growth and development of them is an undeniable necessity.
Tourism can positively influence the live standards of residents increasing their income, creating new job opportunities, improving the local infrastructure, increasing the availability of entertainment facilities, promoting the local identity, etc; however tourism has also the potential of creating negative impacts by increasing the cost of living and micro-crimes, exacerbating overcrowding and traffic congestion, altering the ecosystem.
Considering Iran’s economy circumstance and its essential need to making employment opportunities on the one hand, and also Turkey’s relatively successful experience in the tourism developing and planning on the other hand, are main purposes of the present research. The comparative study of Iran and Turkey’s tourism polices, investigation and analyses of the social interaction between host and guest and its impact on tourism development in these countries are main objectives and frames.
In order to achieve the aims of this study, documentary and field work survey have conducted and based on scholar s’ opinion, eight important and effective factors were designed as criterion investigation of the interaction between host and guest. It is asked from both Iran and Turkey’s inbound tourists through questionnaire, and then it is run SPSS and Excel as two major statistical software and also statistical tests (Student's t-test, ANOVA, Chi-Square Test) for comparing them.
Discussion and The results of the present study shows that institutionalization of relevance and rational conceptual framework of tourism industry and it’s positive, various and long-term effect on host communities, to provide proper image from host communities and local residents to tourists before and after the process of travel for understanding the social and cultural components and reducing the possible conflicts, enhance socio-cultural hospitality capacities in the communities through proper trainings among them, Infrastructure to participation of residents in the process of tourism development, using the potential of the local culture (native) to increase the attractiveness of tourism destinations, to take into consideration the effective approaches such as creating various web sites and multilingual TV channels, releasing the high amount of information about destinations and attractions features, making independent tourism ministry contracts with major tour operators and wholesalers specially from Europe and north America, conducting special cultural events and international festivals, were the reasons of Turkey’s successful experience in the realm of tourism. The results of this research reveal that despite of Iran’s privileged position in the global tourism map, Iran do have very slightly contribution in the world tourism marketing which mainly is caused of (due to) various socio-cultural challenges.
This study was carried out with the aim of allocating relevant factors for such effective socio-cultural interactions relationship between guests and hosts to find out the importance of them. Result shows that the most important factors of this study are importance of an appropriate social interactions relationship between hosts and guests, act respectfully to the host culture to avoid cultural clashes, informing tourist about culture and tradition of host community, hospitality and the appropriate welcoming, the satisfaction of tourist from cultural exchanges, festivals and special events, the tourists satisfaction from police behavior and the opportunity to have cultural contact.
Iran as one of the most attractive destinations of the region, with taking appropriate policies and targeted development of tourism and with (by) considering to experiences of other countries like Turkey that has various social and economic commonalities with Iran would be able to advance towards one of the important and immemorial economic and cultural dreams that have had since long time ago, given that, most of successful global businesses have admitted that tourism is convenient and reliable resource to start this way.

In recent decades have been formed new schools and paradigms in the area of urban literature, some of which affected deeply the environment and urban spaces. The City Development Strategy (CDS) can be regarded as one of the most imperative of all. The introduction of CDS stems up from the official formation of City Alliance organization in 1999. However, its official documentaries were published in 2004 in a collaborative effort with "World Bank" and "Human Settlement Center" linking to the HABITAT of UN. This approach has been a focus of attention in Iran during the recent years. There has not only been more attention on CDS approach as one of the newest and most efficient urban paradigms, but on the other hand, many managers, policy makers and urban planners in various countries try to expand this idea questioning how and which mechanisms to use in order to make the CDS successful in spatial ordering of the cities, making positive changes in daily life of the citizens, and finally the reducing poverty. As the spatio-social forms of the current cities are the results of industrial revolution, therefore, they contain characteristics that require physical-social order, and also spatial pattern. In the meantime, the cities in developing world, including Iran challenge more difficult conditions, because the main approach in management and urban planning of Iran relies on Master Plan, derived from traditional planning (classic view) and emphasizing on development, patterns, and physical ordering of the cities, and through which the social dimensions of the city are thrown to the sidelines of urban planning. The preparation and implementation of city comprehensive plans in Iran's urban planning system aims at making the milieu for balanced and harmonic physical growth of the city. However, it practically spends high rates of cost and energy, and mainly does not result in efficient consequences, nor the goals are met. Of the reasons of the creation such trend is the lack of noticing and applying new methods and approaches adjustable to the city conditions in the realm of urban planning, the structural and strategic development of the cities are amongst them. The present article attempts to pay attention to the applications, roles, and the place of CDS in urban context and the process of compiling a Master Plan in Iran along with the review and analysis of urban policies in the country.