فهرست مطالب rahimeh mehdizadeh

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of one session of continuous and high intensity intermittent training on TNF-α and VEGF levels of soleus tissue in obese rats. 45 rats (8 weeks old) were fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks. Then, 27 rats (BMI more than 0.68 gr/cm2 and weight: 320±10 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, continuous and high intensity intermittent training. Intermittent and continuous groups were familiarized with the study and their VO2max was determined for 2 weeks; then, they ran respectively with an intensity of 100% vVO2max and 65% vVO2max and the running time was calculated based on distance in the intermittent training group. Control group did not participate in any programs. Animals were dissected immediately and their soleus muscle was removed. The normality of the data was determined and one-way ANOVA was used (P≤0.05). Only the intermittent training group significantly decreased VEGF levels in comparison with the control group (P=0.001) and the continuous group (P=0.003). But TNF-α levels were not significantly different in all 3 groups. Contrary to previous speculations, high intensity intermittent training did not ascend inflammation. There is a doubt about the concern for intermittent training and inflammation increase and also VEGF levels decrease in the intermittent group in obese people which requires more research in this field.

Changes in hemodynamic parameters during exercise is dependent on the type and volume of exercise. But these changes after exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) are less considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute response of some hemodynamic parameters to a session of walking on a treadmill with BFR in young girls. 30 healthy young girls (mean age 20.27±1.76 years and weight 53.61±3.80 kg) who volunteered to participate in the study were selected as the sample and randomly assigned to 3 groups: 1-walking on a treadmill with BFR (intensity: 2 miles/hour, 5 sets of 2 minutes with one minute of rest between each set), 2-walking on a treadmill without BFR (with the same volume of BFR group) and 3-control (with BFR and without exercise). The heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rate pressure product (RPP) were measured before and 20 minutes after the session. For blood flow restriction, Tourniquet device was used. MAP was calculated using the following formula for each person: MAP = (DBP.33(SBP-DBP)). Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Level of statistical significance was set at P˂0.05. The results showed that both BFR and non-BFR exercises increased HR, SBP, RPP significantly compared with pre-exercise amounts (P˂0.05). After one session of exercise, a significant difference was observed in RPR, HR and SBP among the three groups (P˂0.05). This increase was greater in BFR group than without BFR group while there was no significant difference in MAP and DBP among different groups after a session of walking on the treadmill with BFR (P>0.05). The results showed that BFR changes some hemodynamic parameters which shows that the heart muscle needs increase in response to BFR exercises.

Vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in unfavorable changes in the body composition of postmenopausal women and it seems that exercise training may affect serum vitamin D level. Hence the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of resistance training on serum vitamin D level and body composition in postmenopausal vitamin D deficient women.
Postmenopausal women with vitaminD deficiency (n=22) were selected using purposive sampling method and randomly assigned in two groups; experiment (N=12) and control groups (N=10). The experiment group performed 2 days per week for 8 weeks low intensity exercise (20-30% 1RM). The training program performed the progressive overload principle with 3,4 , 5 set and 20,25 , 30 1RM percentage in successive weeks. The amount of subject’s sun exposure and vitamin D diet intake was monitored. Serum vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in fasting and body composition were measured before and after the training program.
after 8 weeks of resistance training, the results showed a significant increase in serum vitamin D (P=0.02) level in resistance in compare to control groups. However, the findings revealed no significant changes in body weight (P=0.36), body composition (P>0.05), serum level of PTH (P=0.42) and calcium (P=0.31) level in resistance in compare to control group.
vitamin D deficiency can significantly improve with exercise training and even without any changes in body composition, sun exposure and use of dietary supplements

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect resistance trainingon pulmonary function of obese women with type II diabetes. Twenty four patients with diabetes type II, aged 40-55 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 30.16 ± 3.26 kg.m² and fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg.dl were selected purposefully. After anthropometric measurements and indices of lung, subjects were randomly divided to two groups (experimental and control groups). The experimental group trained for 12 weeks (3 days / week, 60 to 75 minutes, 40-80%1RM). Indices of lung were assessed by spirometer. Data were analyzed with one-way ANCOVA. Results show that after 12 weeks of core strength training, body weight (P=0.001), BMI (P=0.01), WC (P=0.001), WHR (P=0.004), FVC (P=0.001), FEV1 (P=0.001), FEV1/FVC (P=0.04) and fasting blood glucose (P =0.001) were changed The results suggest that the exercise training programs, which can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, are therapeutic interventions effective for improving lung function.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic and low intensity resistance training on adiposity anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), body fat percent (%BF), arm circumference (AC), hip circumference (HC) and thigh circumference (TC) in middle-aged overweight women. 30 volunteered women with regular menstrual cycle and 25≤BMI≥30 were randomly divided into aerobic and low intensity resistance training groups. The aerobic training consisted of 60% of HR intensity and resistance training included 40-45% 1RM intensity. The covariance analysis test was used to compare the differences between the two groups and paired t test was applied to compare the differences between pretest and posttest of each group. The results showed a significant difference between aerobic and resistance groups in AC (P=0.04) and TC (P=0.02) at the end of the experiment (P≤0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in other variables between the two groups. According to the results, low intensity resistance training was more effective than aerobic training to reduce indices of adiposity.

Based on the research evidence, the efficiency of resistance exercises depends on the changes in the hormones level to improve the muscle strength and mass.. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a short course blood flow restricted resistance training on serum cortisol and testosterone levels in young men..Patients and A total of 30 healthy young men (aged 19 - 24 years) were volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into three groups: low-intensity blood flow restricted (LIBFR) (n = 15) resistance exercise group (3 sets of 15 repetitions at 20% of 1RM (one repetition maximum)), traditional high-intensity without blood flow restriction (HIWBFR) (n = 12) resistance exercise group (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of 1RM), and a control group (n = 13). Both LIBFR and HIWBFR groups trained for front leg and squat exercises 3 days per week for 3 weeks. Fasting growth hormone cortisol and testosterone levels were measured in the morning before and after exercise sessions. Data were analyzed with paired t-test and One-way ANOVA at the significant level of P < 0.05.. Serum cortisol level significantly increased after the exercise for both protocols compared to baseline (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks, serum cortisol level increased significantly in LIBFR and HIWBFR groups compared to control group (P < 0.001). At the end of the exercise protocols, serum testosterone level was higher in LIBFR group compared to HIWBFR group; however, this difference was not significant (P 0.49).. Short term blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise stimulates cortisol hormones production in young men. However, this program seems too short to express any difference in testosterone change. Generally, it can be concluded that low-intensity resistance training can increase short-term BFR catabolic-anabolic hormones in young men..

Unfavourable changes in body composition and lipoprotein related to the loss of estrogen levels after menopause. The aim of the research was to study the effect of core stability training on body composition and lipoprotein in menopausal older women. Methods & Materials: The research was a semi-empirical study that was done in 2012. Twenty- three menopausal older women living in nursing home of Shahrood were selected purposively and were divided randomly in to experimental (n=13) and control (n=10) groups. Subjects underwent a supervised exercise protocol consisting of 24 weeks (3 days/week, 45- 60 min/day). In each session, core stability training (strength and endurance) was done for 25-30 minutes. Plasma lipoprotein and anthropometric indexes of obesity consisting of body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured before and after exercise training program. The result of paired t test showed that there was significant difference in WC between before and after the intervention in experimental group (P=0.03). The result of independent t test showed that after training, plasma total cholesterol level was changed significantly between control and experimental groups (P =0.007) and changes in other components of lipoprotein were not significant. According to the results, core stability training could improve body composition and some components of lipoprotein in menopausal older women.

Considering the vital role of quality services in survival and profitability of sports clubs, the purpose of this study was the comparison of service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in private and public fitness and aerobic clubs in Sabzevar city.
The study was a comparative one, and the statistical population included all female costumers of fitness and aerobic centers in Sabzevar from which 341 participants were selected randomly. To gather information, we used a standard questionnaire by Liu (2008). Content validity of the questionnaire was determined by experts and reliability was measured through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α =0/98).
Survey findings showed that there was a significant difference between private and public fitness and aerobic clubs in service quality including its components such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Also, a significant difference was observed between customer satisfaction of private and public clubs and components of corporate image, personnel, convenience and equipment in private and public clubs. There was also a significant difference between customer loyalty and its components (attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty) in Private and Public clubs.
According to our research findings, fitness and aerobic club managers should play a greater role in customer satisfaction by sticking to their promises and providing more tangible services in order to attract loyal customers.

The purpose of present research was to investigate Barriers to sport for all promotion inthe Iranian universities. This field research was Descriptive–analytical and its statistical population was all of Iranian national universities’ faculties, staff and students. Finally, 779 people (233 faculties, 224 staff and 322 students) participated in the research and completed physical activity barriers’ questionnaire. The questionnaire was five-point likert type scale that its face and content validity verified by the experts and its reliability was calculated in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.956). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a Varimax rotation was used to identify factors. In EFA, of the 66 barriers, 58 items having appropriate factor loading were stand in six factors namely organizational and managerial, environmental, psychological, interpersonal, Lack of social support and time limitations. The results show that the most important factor is “organizational and managerial (3.22±0.85)” and the least important factor is “psychological (2.50±0.95)”. The research factors to be identified were determined by a combination of the following criteria: a) a pre-specification of the number of factors based on the literature review; b) factors selection based on eigenvalues greater than 1.0 (Kaiser criterion); c) visual inspectionon the basis of the scree-plot; d) variance description criterion; and e) comprehensibility of the extracted factors. Paying attention to barriers identified in the present research and trying to remove them can cause to mass participation of the academic society in universities’ physical activity and sport for all programs. In addition, in this research, based on identified barriers, some strategies were presented in order to development of sport for all in universities.