فهرست مطالب rakesh kumar

Genital tumours are rare among cattle, largely due to their relatively short lifespans. Leio-myoma, a smooth muscle tumour being more prevalent in dogs, appears only at a rate of 1.00 - 2.00% in cattle, affecting reproductive efficiency in cases of complete uterine obstruction. This case report involves an 8-year-old cow with repeated insemination attempts unveiled 5.00 cm intra-luminal uterine mass, obstructing the right uterine horn. Transrectal sonography (TRUS) revealed a highly vascularized mass with normal ovarian function. Confirmation of clinical condition, i.e., uterine leiomyoma, via uterine biopsy concluded the presence of neoplastic smooth muscle cells arranged in interlacing bundles showing mild pleomorphism, and special staining using Masson’s trichrome revealed an unappreciable amount of connective tissue; subsequently right flank celiotomy was performed to remove the benign tumour. Forty-five days after celiotomy, TRUS examination confirmed an unobstructed uterine horn, and bilateral oviduct patency was adjudged with 2.50% methylene blue. Following treatment for chronic endometritis, artificial insemination led to conception nearly 90 days post-procedure. The TRUS aids preliminary diagnosis, while definitive identification demands necropsy and surgical methods. This case underscores the diagnostic significance of TRUS, histopathology and celiotomy for identifying and managing uterine leiomyoma in cattle.

In this study, we compare the different conditions which are used to detect the unique solvability of the absolute value equation (AVE) $Ax- B \vert x \vert =b$. Also, analyzing which condition is more suitable to use according to our problem and later, we will see the advantage and disadvantages of different unique solvability conditions. Further, we take an example where existing conditions are invalid to judge the unique solvability of the AVE.

Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant worldwide cultivated for high-value essential oil.  It comes under angiospermic plant and belongs to family Lamiaceae commonly known as Japanese mint. The high-value essential oil is obtained from the stem and leaf of plant by the process of hydro-distillation through which major ingredient L-menthol is obtained that is used in aroma and pharmaceutical industries. This investigation aimed to reduce water requirements which can enhance its productivity for sustaining menthol mint cultivation in India. The present investigation has been undertaken as treatment combination which includes two varieties viz. i) Kosi and CIM-Kranti; three depths of soil moisture viz. i) 3 cm, ii) 6 cm and iii) 9 cm along with three moisture regimes, i.e., i) 20±5%, ii) 40±5%, and 60±5% available soil moisture (ASM) were tested in split-split plot design during 2018 and 2019 (from February to June). Results from the present study revealed that the maximum oil yield was recorded 116.78 kg ha-1in cv. Kosi and 107.23 kg ha-1 in cv. for CIM-Kranti, whereas menthol yield was recorded 89.23 kg ha-1in cv. Kosi and 85.13 kg ha-1in cv. CIM-Kranti under 6 cm depth of irrigation when applied irrigation at 40±5% available soil moisture (ASM) in menthol mint. However, the lowest water requirement was recorded 118 mm in cv. Kosi and 148 mm in cv. CIM-Kranti. The highest water use efficiency was recorded 0.61 in cv. Kosi and 0.51 kg oil ha-1 mm-1 in cv. CIM- Kranti under 3 cm depth of irrigation and when irrigations were applied at 20±5 % ASM. The highest net returns of $ 1140.91 ha-1 and $ 989.70 ha-1 have been recorded in Kosi and CIM-Kranti, respectively were computed at 6 cm depth of irrigation and when irrigations were applied at 40±5% available soil moisture as compared with other treatments. The irrigation depth (6 cm) applied at 40±5% ASM was found to be a perfect combination for obtaining maximum oil yield, water use efficiency, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio.

Information technology (IT) can be used by frontline health workers (FLWs) to connect and deliver care to the community. Various studies in India have assessed the beneficial impact of IT usage by FLWs, but for the long‑term sustainability, the attitude and belief toward IT usage have not been adequately studied. We conducted this study to assess the knowledge and attitude and to explore the beliefs of FLWs toward the use of IT in a rural area of Haryana.

We conducted a mixed‑method study (qualitative and quantitative approach) in a rural setting of Haryana, India. We included FLWs of two primary health centers (PHCs). Data were collected from October 19, 2020 to December 31, 2020. We collected data from 75 accredited social health activists (ASHAs), 37 Anganwadi workers (AWWs), 28 multi‑purpose workers (MPWs), two information assistants, and two medical officers using a semi‑structured interview schedule. Their knowledge about the benefits of IT use, past use of IT applications and devices, and self‑rating of knowledge regarding computers or laptops were collected. We used 14 attitude statements, each with a five‑point Likert scale to assess the attitude; a total score ≥35 was considered a positive attitude. We conducted eight focus group discussions (FGDs) to explore the beliefs regarding IT usage (four FGDs with ASHAs, two FGDs with AWWs, and two FGDs with MPWs). A descriptive analysis was performed for the quantitative data, and a thematic analysis was performed for qualitative data.

Knowledge about the benefits of IT use was present among 77.8% of FLWs. Among the FLWs, 79.2% self‑rated their knowledge of computers/laptops as ‘do not have knowledge’, 16% self‑rated as ‘low knowledge’, and 4.8% self‑rated as ‘good knowledge’. The median total score for attitude statements among all the FLWs (n = 144) was 54 [inter‑quartile range – 48–59]. Four themes emerged for beliefs toward IT usage, namely, positive beliefs, negative beliefs, challenges anticipated in adopting IT use, and facilitation factors. The positive beliefs were related to improvement in work efficiency and social status, less paperwork, timely report generation, and better learning. The negative beliefs were related to an increase in working hours, close monitoring, and feeling over‑burdened.

We found that FLWs had knowledge regarding the benefits of IT use, but they lacked knowledge regarding laptop/computer use. They had a satisfactory level of confidence in using smartphones, and most of them were using mobile applications. The majority of the FLWs had a positive attitude and beliefs toward IT use and wanted to use it in the future.

For the purpose of prognostication of sinonasal mucormycosis, a detailed analysis of the clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and outcome parameters has been contemplated.
Retrospectively data was collected for all patients of sinonasal mucormycosis managed in a tertiary care hospital in last 5years.
Diabetes was the commonest comorbidity among total of 52 cases. Disease extent-wise, 16, 23 and 13 patients had sino-nasal (SN), rhino-orbital (RO) and rhino-orbito-cerebral (ROC) mucormycosis respectively.  Median cumulative Amphotericin-B administered was 3.5gms and 94.2% of cases underwent surgical debridement depending on the disease extent. With a median follow-up of 18months, 67% of the patients are alive and disease free, 2% are under treatment and 29% of patients have expired. The mortality rate was 12.5% in SN, 30.5% in RO and 38.5% in ROC mucormycosis. Palatal and orbital involvement is associated with statistically significant mortality risk at one month.
Mortality rate in sino-nasal mucormycosis can be significantly curtailed with prompt control of underlying comorbidity, aggressive medical and adequate surgical management.

Context:

 Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have much potential in higher education, including medical education. This paper explores the challenges and potential solutions through planning, developing, and integrating MOOCs into the medical curriculum.

Evidence Acquisition:

 A non-systematic review study was conducted in March and April 2021. A comprehensive literature search was done on Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and websites to retrieve articles on MOOCs and medical education using relevant search terms.

 With their wide availability, open access, and affordability, MOOCs have attracted the attention of several educationalists and learners. Indian medical undergraduates face several problems, such as introducing the new competency-based curriculum, information overload, the COVID-19 pandemic, and increased health care demand. The advantages of MOOCs can be leveraged to solve some of the problems in medical education. They can be effectively used to educate and empower the general public and provide patient education and continuous professional development.

 With embedded advanced interactive tools, MOOCs have the potential to reshape medical education. Sustained commitment, promotion competition, and collaboration can help overcome the common barriers to MOOC development and integration into the undergraduate medical curriculum.

Any surgical procedure which would restore the bilio-enteric continuity after excision of the choledochal cyst with minimal complications would be a feasible alternative to Hepaticojejunostomy using a Roux loop of jejunum. To determine the outcomes of Hepaticoduodenostomy done over T-Tube against Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy for bilio-enteric reconstruction after excision of choledochal cyst.

This study was retrospectively done on all patients of choledochal cysts (Types 1 and 4) operated between January, 2014 and December, 2019. The clinical details, intra-operative and post-operative results of patients who underwent Roux-en-Y Hepatico-Jejunostomy (Group-1) and Hepatico-duodenostomy over T-Tube (Group -2) for establishing bilio-enteric continuity after excision of choledochal cyst were compared and analyzed statistically.

78 patients of choledochal cysts were operated during this period with 31 patients in Group-1 and 47 in Group-2; there was no difference in the mean age or size of the cysts in the two groups; Type 1 cysts were the most common with female preponderance in both groups. Group-2 patients had lesser intra-operative time andfewer numbers of sutures were used during surgery. There was no difference in the incidence of anastomotic leaks, strictures, cholangitis or adhesive obstruction and reoperation rates between the two groups. Group 2 showed increased nasogastric bilious aspirates in 19.15% of cases which improved on conservative management.

Bilio-enteric reconstruction using Hepaticoduodenostomy over T-Tube is a simpler, lower pressure and less time taking anastomotic technique with comparable complication rates when compared to Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy in the management of choledochal cysts.

Changes in phenology, growth, biomass production and photosynthetic parameters in Trifolium repens L. were studied under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE; 550 ± 50 µmol mol−1 [CO2]) and Free Air Temperature Increment FATI for 2 years during 2010–11 and 2011–12 in temperate Himalaya. Plant height, root volume, leaf area and dry biomass of T. repens increased from 8.8 to 33.5% under elevated [CO2] but decreased from 4.6 to 58.1% under elevated temperature compared to ambient environment. Leaf area increased by 24.1 and 29.5% under elevated [CO2], however, elevated temperature reduced leaf area by 78.1 and 38.6% compared to ambient conditions during 2010–11 and 2011–12, respectively. Leaf net photosynthetic rates (PN) and stomatal conductance (gS) measured at 390 ± 10 µmol m−2 s−1 CO2, declined under FACE and FATI environment as compared to control conditions, with greater reduction during year 2011–12 than 2010–11. The values of PN in year 2011–2012 during spring and autumn were lower by 13% and 7% under FACE and 24% and 18% under FATI, respectively, compared to ambient (control) conditions, when measured at 400 µmol m−2 s−1. For year 2012, gS showed a decrease by 26% and 39% under FACE and by 21% under FATI during spring and autumn months, respectively, compared to ambient conditions. All phenological stages were significantly advanced under elevated temperature but showed a delayed response under elevated [CO2] as compared to ambient conditions.

An investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability, genetic divergence and association of pheno-morphic and agronomic traits along with major chemical constituents of essential oil in 41 accessions of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Highly significant differences were noted for all 10 economic traits indicating the existence of considerable genetic variability among 41 accessions. High heritability (h2) and high genetic advance was noted for herb yield (120.64 %). On the basis of Mahalnobis D2 values, all 41 spearmint accessions were grouped into six diverse clusters. The cluster-I was largest group which consist of 20 accessions. A significant and positive correlation was observed for plant height with herb yield (0.58 * *; ** = significant at 1% probability level). The herb yield showed a highest direct effect (0.194) for oil yield. According to results, a significant genetic variability was present among 41 accessions, simple selection can be employed to improve essential oil content. More importance should be given to plant height, leaf length, leaf width and herb yield during selection to improve essential oil yield in spearmint.

The effect of thermal and solutal buoyancy induced by a discrete source of heat and mass transfer in a square duct under the influence of magnetic field, especially at the turbulent regime for the first time is reported. Al2O3/water nanofluid is used with constant heat flux from three discrete heat sources. In the present study, the effects of Reynolds number (100 to 3000), particle volume fraction (0 to 2%) and magnetic field (Ha = 10 to 90) on the Nusselt number, pressure drop and wall temperature (at the axial and height directions) are represented graphically and discussed quantitatively. Two percent Al2O3-water nanofluid under Ha = 10 can produce 81% increase in Nusselt number with only 60% increase in pressure drop when compared to base fluid at Re = 100. Four percent enhancement in nanofluids cooling effect in the vicinity of a centre of the final heat source can be utilized in hot spots cooling.

Natural dye extracted from aerial parts of Barleria prionitis and different kinds of textile fabrics dyed with the natural dye were investigated for their antifungal activity. Antifungal activity of natural dye and dyed fabrics was assessed against standard strains of five fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium canescens using agar-well diffusion method. The MIC was determined by the broth dilution method. Further, the antifungal potency of dyed fabrics (silk, wool, and cotton) against the test fungi was quantitatively evaluated by the reported method. Different treatment doses of natural dye exhibited a varying degree of antifungal activity against the five test fungi. The highest growth reduction in all the test fungi, however, was recorded with 500 mg/ml concentration of natural dye. The antifungal activity at this concentration is found almost at par with the positive control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of natural dye against test fungi were ranged within, 22.50-23.50 mg/mL. Dyed silk, wool, and cotton fabrics also showed remarkable antifungal efficacy against all the test fungi. Dyed silk fabrics exhibited the maximum growth reduction followed by wool and cotton. The study revealed the remarkable antifungal activity of natural dye from B. prionitis aerial biomass and dyed fabrics. Therefore, B. prionitis can be considered as a potential source of natural dye with functional properties and can be used in the protective finishing of different kinds of textile fabrics.

Acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN), previously called acute lobar nephronia, is a rare form of interstitial bacterial nephritis in children. The majority of patients with AFBN have an underlying urinary tract abnormality. Timely initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy can prevent abscess formation and help avoid the need for invasive surgical procedures.. Here we describe a case of a 4-year-old boy admitted for a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Radiological investigations led to a diagnosis of AFBN. He was later found to also have a pre-existing malformative uropathy.. Timely detection and appropriate antibiotic therapy of AFBN are essential to prevent renal abscess formation. A possible diagnosis of AFBN needs to be considered in all patients being treated for febrile UTI. Detection and surgical correction of the underlying malformation are necessary to prevent further recurrences..

In this paper, we considered a deterministic inventory model with time-dependent demand and time-varying holding cost where deterioration is time proportional. The model considered here allows for shortages, and the demand is partially backlogged. The model is solved analytically by minimizing the total inventory cost. The result is illustrated with numerical example for the model. The model can be applied to optimize the total inventory cost for the business enterprises where both the holding cost and deterioration rate are time dependent.

(+)-Trans-(5R,6R)-5-bromo-6-ethoxy-5-ethyl-5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxyuridine [(5R,6R)-BEEDU], a po‌tential brain-targeted prodrug of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU), was synthesized by the regiospecific addition of BrOEt to the 5,6-olefinic bond of EDU. (5R,6R)-BEEDU is more lipophilic (log P = 0.04) than EDU (log P = -1.09). In vitro incubation of (5R,6R)-BEEDU with rat whole blood and brain ho‌mogenate resulted in a 53% and 16% conversion, respectively, to EDU. In contrast, (5R,6R)-BEEDU was not converted to EDU upon incubation with glutathione (GSH) at 37°C for 36 hours. After i.v. injection into rats, (5R,6R)-BEEDU was rapidly converted to EDU, which was then further metabo‌lized like EDU. However, (5R,6R)-BEEDU provided a substantially higher Ryncentration of EDU in blood, relative to that when EDU was injected. A biodistribution study of [4- C]-(5R,6R)-BEEDU in Balb/c mice showed that (5R,6R)-BEEDU provided significantly higher (P < 0.05) radirctivityievels in brain samples at 8, 18 and 30 min post injection than observfid after injection of [4- C]-EDU. The higher repioactivity levels in liver samples after injection of [4- C]-(5R,6R)-BEEDU, relative to those after [4- C]-EDU, indicates that the 5,6-dihydro derivative undergoes a higher hepatic extraition than EDU. Clearance of radioactivity from blood qv' excretion into urine, after injection of [4 C]‌EDU, was much faster than that after injection of [4- C]-(5R,6R)-BEEDU.