فهرست مطالب ramin madani

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is common in infants and its treatment remains extremely challenging in this age group. Therefore this study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of omeprazole and esomeprazole in infants, aged 1-11 months old, presented with GERD.
This double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 infants. All patients were randomly divided into omeprazole and esomeprazole treatment groups for four weeks. The signs, symptoms, and disease severity based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of GERD were evaluated after treatment in both groups. The data were then analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software (version 21).
The results of this study did not show significant differences between the mean disease severity based on VAS of both omeprazole- (81.1±55.7) and esomeprazole-receiving (79.1±77.6) groups (p=0.091). However, in each group, the mean disease severity after one month of treatment was significantly lower as compared to baseline (p<0.01). The recovery rates were similar in both groups (75% and 70% for omeprazole and esomeprazole groups, respectively) (p=0.799).
Omeprazole and esomeprazole did not have significant differences in signs, symptoms, and disease severity of GERD, however, we observed a significant reduction in disease severity in both groups indicating that these two drugs could be used interchangeably for the treatment of GERD disorder.

Chronic diseases such as cancer in children can increase the risk of depression in different degrees. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of anxiety and depression in children under 16 years of age with cancer referred to the chemotherapy unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 60 children from 7 to 16 years of age referred to the chemotherapy unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran, in 2019 were investigated using the available sampling method. Anxiety disorders were measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Questionnaire and depression disorders were measured using the Mariaquaks Depression Questionnaire. Data of age, sex, type of disease, first stage or relapse, oral or injectable drugs of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, history of invasive treatment and psychiatric diseases were also recorded.

The results showed a statistically significant difference between relapse, current treatment status and radiotherapy with anxiety and depression disorders (P<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the type of cancer and anxiety disorder, as well as between oral chemotherapy and history of family psychiatric disorders and depression disorder (P<0.05). The highest frequency of depression and anxiety were reported in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cancer.

The type of cancer, oral chemotherapy and history of family disorders can be related to children's anxiety and depression. Therefore, early diagnosis of mental disorders in children with cancer can prevent the development of anxiety and depression.

The expansion of studies in the new era has led to the formation of wide-ranging discussions on the foundations and theoretical principles of housing architecture. Such as psychological, cultural and phenomenological subjects. And it emphasizes the point that the house is more than a shelter and residence, it has a concept beyond the provision of physical and functional needs. A conceptual look at the house makes the current housing architecture aware of the qualities of the house. These qualities, in addition to meeting their functional needs, seek to solve the superior needs of the residents. With the beginning of the modern era, these qualities and concepts became less and less colorful in Iranian housing architecture. Also, the speed and rapid change of the era also allowed these qualities to occur in Iranian architectural buildings. In this research, the main goal is to achieve the physical-spatial patterns of today's housing by taking advantage of the desirable qualities of Kerman's historical houses. And the secondary goal is to achieve the process of how to extract and apply the spatial-physical patterns obtained. This research examines the historical houses of Kerman from a physical and phenomenological point of view and achieves the extraction of desirable qualities. This research is practical in terms of purpose. Data has been collected with a qualitative method and through observation, field presence in the historical and contemporary context, and library sources. The method of analysis is comparative and with logical reasoning. As a result, the desired qualities have been obtained. Such as openness, flexibility, pale color, silence, static, open, alive, hidden, null, contextual and integrated. These qualities are defined along with physical components of historical houses. Such as construction technique, materials and texture, color, proportions and scale, geometry, spatial organization and the way of interior arrangement of space, green space. In the end, these qualities along with physical components have been selected in a balanced combination of light, texture and sound, proportions, integration with the natural environment, sky and earth. Then they are presented in the form of six physical models of housing. Then, by taking advantage of the desirable qualities obtained from the semantic and physical studies of historical houses, they have been modernized.

The extant s tudy aimed to analyze the acous tic comfort situation in contemporary apartments based on urban spaces in Tabriz, Iran. This s tudy was conducted using a quantitative method within the field survey at two levels of the ques tionnaire (perceptual situation) and field measurements (acous tical condition). The researcher-made ques tionnaire was used to collect data in the firs t s tep. Architecture experts approved the validity of the ques tionnaire; its reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha (0.926). All experiments associated with airborne noise field measurements (background sound and sound pressure level) were done using 2260Inves tigator. Firs t, background noise was measured in two open and closed windows inside the considered residential units. In the next s tep, sound pressure level (SPL) Figures were plotted using level rate and sound s tandard in different plan spaces. Ultimately, the authors assessed noise criteria and their difference with sound levels. The results indicated the undeniable effect of traffic, among other variables of acous tic comfort, on dissatisfaction caused by noise in urban areas of Tabriz. This effect was not only definite but also so significant that there was no change in patterns emerging in noise level, even based on the SPL measurements.

Noise is unwanted noise. Excessive noise is known to be a nuisance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise must be controlled and reduced to an acceptable level because high levels of noise, in addition to being annoying and annoying, also cause countless harmful effects. The purpose is to investigate and analyze the acoustic comfort in contemporary housing apartments in terms of urban spaces in Tabriz. The research method has a quantitative nature that is done as a field survey in two levels of questionnaire tools (perceptual status assessment) as well as field surveys (acoustic status assessment). The researcher-made questionnaire has been used as a data collection tool in the first part, the validity of which was assessed by a survey of professors in the field of architecture and acoustics and its reliability has been evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (0.926). All experiments related to airborne noise absorption field (background noise absorption and sound pressure level) using the 2260 device made by B&K Denmark. Initially, background noise is measured in both open and closed window modes inside the residential units. After that, SPL acoustic pressure level diagrams were drawn and evaluated using the specific and standard sound levels in decibels in different plan spaces. In the final stage, the acoustic standard of noise level (NC) is examined. The results show that the effect of traffic among other variables in the field of acoustic comfort, on the level of dissatisfaction caused by noise in urban areas in the Tabriz, is not only undeniable but also important to the extent that even with measurements The SPL sound pressure level did not change the patterns created at the noise level.

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

Noise annoyance is a sensitive indicator of adverse noise effects and by itself means that noise affects people’s quality of life. In fact the acoustic environment has been neglected during the education of building engineers and architects relative to the thermal and lighting aspects addressed in education programs. This study aimed to investigate various non-acoustic factors on the annoyance caused by environmental noise in residential apartments. The surveys were conducted in Iran, city of Tabriz in October and November 2019. This research is descriptive-analytical and the type of research is correlational and causal. The statistical population of this study has formed the residents of different towers of Aseman-e Tabriz Residential Complex, which was selected as the sample size by using 373 Cochran's formula. The way of selecting sample people is randomly simple. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by the professors and the reliability of the questionnaire has been obtained using Cronbach's special alpha formula for the variables in total equal to 0.857, and the variables of the situational section 0.902. Among all variables of the study, only four variables of fear with the 12.93% of variance changes, sensitivity to noise with the 11.85%, health issues of the residents with the 12.25%, satisfaction with the quality of construction and insulation with the 12.53% are the main factors influencing.

This study examined the effects of the physical boundaries of residential communities on residents’ perception of fear of crime. The physical boundary of a community is the dividing line that officially delineates the limits of the land or premises of that community and separates it from the surrounding urban fabric. In the housing literature, communities around which a physical boundary is created through gates and fences/walls are called gated communities. Gated communities include both new developments and older areas retrofitted for reasons of security and are found in both urban and suburban areas. In the literature, there is no consensus on the quality of perceived security in gated communities. Despite the claim that gated communities provide their residents with higher levels of security, some studies have indicated no significant difference between the residents of gated communities and the residents of non-gated communities in terms of perceived fear of crime. The disagreements might have resulted from the different research methods used in previous studies. How gated communities are studied is important. Apparently, three general methodological approaches have been employed in previous studies to study the effects of gated communities. First, in the easiest and least rigorous research design, one or two variables have been investigated in a case study on gated communities. Second, in slightly more rigorous research designs, gated communities have been compared with non-gated communities, but possible moderating factors have not been considered. Third, more sophisticated research designs have compared gated communities with non-gated communities and considered at least some possible moderators, usually demographic variables, in a more sophisticated correlational research design. We employed a research design that compared numerous gated communities with numerous non-gated communities and involved investigator control over key variables. Meeting the requirements of a truly experimental research design is highly improbable in housing studies as meeting the conditions under which the researcher is able to manipulate the independent variables and eliminate or control moderating variables is almost impossible. Even if this were possible, the conditions of an experiment are so artificial and unreal that it is impossible to generalise the results to other contexts. However, through a causal comparative research design which is a type of correlational research that stakes out an intermediate position between correlational and experimental research and a purposefully selected sample, it is possible to control for the effects of key moderating variables. This requires the existence of appropriate cases for study. The present study aimed to take a closer look at the effects of the physical boundaries of residential communities on residents’ fear of crime through a causal comparative design and a purposefully selected sample.

Employing a causal comparative design approach of a purposive sample of gated, perceived gated, and non-gated communities in Tehran, two communities were selected from each category. Ekbatan, one of the biggest and the most populated neighbourhoods in the Middle East, is a community where three levels of gating can be observed. In some of the communities located in Ekbatan, the residents have enclosed their communities through restricting access points and recruiting guards. In fact, in Ekbatan, gating has been encouraged by residents’ feeling that they have no longer any control over their communities.

The results show that the residents of the gated communities did not perceive fear of crime significantly less frequently compared to the residents of non-gated communities. However, the situation is different in perceived gated communities. The results indicated that the residents of perceived gated communities in Ekbatan perceived significantly less fear of crime compared to the residents of gated and non-gated communities. Lower levels of fear of crime were observed in all four components of fear of crime including worry about fear of crime, perceived likelihood of crime, perceived control over personal crime, and perceived consequences of crime. The residents of perceived gated communities are less worried about becoming a victim of crime, feel that there is less likelihood of crime in their communities, feel that they have more control over crime if one happened, and, finally, feel that a crime would lead to fewer consequences in their lives, if one happened.

The residents of Ekbatan are increasingly worried about the future of their neighbourhood due to physical, social, and demographic changes in the context of their neighbourhood. Many of them feel threatened and are unsure of their place of residence. This is reflected in the increasing use of fencing as a strategy to control the physical environment. From the point of view of Ekbatan’s managing committee and residents, gating might seem to be a reasonable solution for protecting the neighbourhood. However, the results of this study suggest that gating does not appear to address the sources of the problem. The results demonstrate that there was no significant difference between gated and non-gated communities’ residents’ perception of fear of crime and sense of community in Ekbatan. Protection against violence and criminal activities largely depends on residents’ active surveillance and gated communities do little to foster this. Since the living environment is enclosed and guarded, residents are not encouraged to participate in protecting their neighbourhood and as a result feel no responsibility for taking care of their place of residence. It seems that gating is at best a temporary solution to the problem of crime since if someone intended to get into a gated community, they would find a way to do so. Gating and fencing lead to social segregation and, contrary to what residents believe, do little to help protect their neighbourhoods. This process will likely lead to insularity and weaken the social and physical structure of Ekbatan. The residents of gated communities no longer care about what happens outside walls or even within the walls. Passive solutions to reducing crime seem ineffective in reducing residents’ fear.  However, perceived gated communities, through creating a sense of territoriality and triggering residents’ active participation in community protection, seem to provide an effective solution to the problem of crime.

 The emergence and spread of planned residential developments with hard and controllable boundaries called gated communities and the social consequences of living in such communities have attracted the attention of researchers for decades. The increasing growth of these communities signifies a new form of residence and has led to many studies on how and why these communities emerged. Despite the emergence of gated communities in Iran in the 1960s, there is a dearth of research on such communities in Iran. Reviewing theories and empirical studies conducted in this area, this paper is an attempt to examine the existing definitions of gated communities, their types, causes of their expansion, and their positive and negative consequences. The origins of gated communities can be traced back to the previous century and the strong fortifications of ancient cities which were built to protect against invaders, enemies or even wild animals. Systems of class segregation and differentiation such as citadels and fortified cities, common in ancient Iran, were designed to protect against enemies and strangers and prevent them from entering the community. During the early Islamic period, the walls and gates of the inner city were destroyed. In this period, encouraging the expansion of the outer city, that is, part of the city whose people did not belong to upper social classes, toward middle city was the most important policy adopted by the Islamic state. The disappearance of the walls and gates of the inner city and a new relationship between the new government and people who were oppressed before then led to the formation of new strata in opposition to the old strata. The inner walls and gates were destroyed in an effort to bring justice and eliminate class segregation. However, as a sign of city’s defensive power, the outer walls remained intact to protect from attack and enhance security. It seems that new gated communities first appeared during the early 1960s with the enforcement of the third (1963-1967) and fourth (1968-1972) Reconstruction Plans of the country. During this period, as housing proved to be a major issue, housing provision by the private sector burgeoned. The target profile was an emerging social class formed owing to the economic and political changes of the early 1960s. With the formation of the new social class and the entry of the private sector into housing market, gated residential communities became a marketing opportunity and a means of attracting particular markets for private housing developers. The developers of large-scale projects started their research considering this reality and the needs of the new social class. Although the first gated community of the country appeared in Tehran, today, gated communities have increased their market share not only in big cities but also in smaller cities of the nation. Gated communities have four main features: (1) impermeable boundary and controlled access to the community, (2) shared private ownership of common spaces and private access to them, (3) the presence of private facilities and amenities for communal use of residents, and (4) the presence of a common code of conduct to regulate behaviors and activities. According to existing typologies, gated communities in Iran can be grouped into lifestyle, prestige, and security zone communities. Lifestyle communities focus on leisure activities and shared amenities and facilities offered within the community attracting those looking for an identity and a shared lifestyle. Examples of lifestyle communities in Iran are Daryakenar and Lavasan. Prestige communities attract people caring about the image of their socio-economic situation symbolizing wealth and social status. Such communities are exemplified by developments such as Park in Isfahan and Saeedieh in Hamedan. Security zone communities in Iran include communities that were not originally gated but were later gated by residents. In such communities, public streets are often closed to non-residents. Ekbatan is such a community in Tehran. The advocates of gated housing claim that gated communities meet individuals’ needs for security, identity, and sense of community; provide services and infrastructure in the areas that were not previously well-equipped; secure property values; prevent outsiders from entering the community; provide a safer environment for pedestrians due to their lower traffic flow; and often feature high quality spaces and attractive amenities. Those against gated communities emphasize the social costs of gated communities. They believe that gated developments are a threat to social integration and their expansion has led to many physical and social problems in urban areas. Social differentiation leads to the fragmentation and segmentation of the society. Despite these negative views on gated communities, it is unignorable that there is an increase in demand to live in such developments. Neither the demand in the housing market nor the negative consequences of gated communities can be denied. Hence, it is necessary to find a way to achieve a balance between their consequences and mediate their negative effects since gated communities have the potential to become even more prevalent in the landscape of cities in coming decades.

This article aims to identify the factors affecting elderly satisfaction with outdoor spaces of residential complexes, and to explain these factors and formulate a model using the ‘Delphi Method’ and the ‘Shannon Technique’. The two main questions of this study are ‘what are the factors affecting the satisfaction of the elderly with the outdoor space of residential complexes’ and ‘how one can understand the importance of each in relation to others’. To answer these questions, the opinions of ten Delphi experts were collected using interviews and questionnaires, and analysed using the Shannon Technique. Findings show that the most important factor affecting outdoor satisfaction of the elderly is the ‘physical’ aspect of the space, with ‘spatial supply’, ‘views’, ‘spatial organisation’, and ‘aesthetics’ being most effective indicators in this respect. This is followed by "individual-social" aspects, with ‘age, ‘feelings and needs’ and ‘expectations’ as its most effective indicators. Next comes ‘performance-management’, with ‘community surveillance’, ‘safety’ and ‘access to public and private services’ as its most effective indicators. Finally, a model for residential satisfaction factors of the elderly is developed, which outlines the weight of each of these factors and indicators.

In this research, the seismic performance of 5story buildings having dual systems of moment frame and chevron bracings, chevron panels along with zipper columns, inverted chevron panels, inverted chevron panels along with zipper columns is evaluated based on conducting nonlinear time history analyses under an ensemble of 3-component far and near-field records. Behavioral features of resistant skeletons having chevron braced panels are controlled through a near-buckling performance of diagonal limbs under pressure. It has been observed that when intensive earthquakes occur, this type of resistant skeleton reveals a gradual loss in resistant features. The appearance of the effects of the two phenomena of stiffness deterioration and strength degradation would be remarkable. A desirable solution in dealing with this weakness is adding a zipper column to the braced panel. The major criterion in selecting near-field records has been the existence of distinct or compound pulses with long period and large amplitude in the ground velocity time history. It has been noticed that this feature affects the seismic response parameters of the building to a great extent. All structures have been designed with a regular plan and according to seismic provisions in the code 2800 and also the 6th and 10th issues of the Iranian National Building Regulations. The specific outlook of this research lies in assessing the changes in maximum displacement responses, relative velocity, absolute acceleration of the floors, plastic hinge formation mechanism and the axial force of the columns. Results show a moderate superiority in the seismic performance of dual skeleton having zipper elements compared to the same resistant system with a lack of zippers.

The relationship between manmade environment and spaces’ users is a mutual one in such a way that the same way that the environmental situations and conditions influence the building, the building’s conditions and properties, as well, intensively influence the space users. The improvement of the residential spaces inter alia the various kinds of artificial environments that have to support the physical and psychological health of the residents is of a great importance because the family members’ presence in this space can considerably contribute to the betterment of their physical and psychological health. The effects of the daylight as one of the primary indicators of the residential buildings on the humans’ life and liveliness can be assessed within the format of two subsystems, namely perceptional psychology and psychological biology. This is while the common lighting strategies are concentrated on the energy output and/or supply of the required light for performing the tasks and/or they have been devised in laboratory explorations and under artificial sky and with no presence of the human beings. Thus, the present study has been conducted with the objective of elaborating the relationship between daylight and psychological health and happiness of the inhabitants of the residential compounds and increasing of the individual happiness so as to figure out the quality of the relationship between the daylight and happiness of the inhabitants of the residential compounds in the city of Isfahan. The study has been carried out based on a causal-comparative plan and makes use of a survey method to describe the correlation between the variables through taking advantage of a cross-sectional method during the years from 2013 to 2014 in low-rise buildings (3-7 storeys) in Isfahan. To determine the happiness status, use has been made of Oxford and Fordyce’s happiness assessment instrument.  Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS via taking advantage of the descriptive statistics. The data analyses indicated that there is a significant difference between the happiness levels of the inhabitants of the residential complexes and the amount of light entering each unit meaning that the higher the light entering the residential units, the more the inhabitants are happy. It seems that the optimal and purposive designing of the daylight in the residence space somehow influences the improvement of the inhabitants’ psychological health and happiness.

The emergence and expansion of planned residential developments with hard and controllable boundaries called gated communities and the social consequences of living in such communities have attracted the attention of researchers for decades. These communities are increasingly spreading in developing countries such as Iran. Despite the many studies conducted around the world on the social consequences of living in such developments, few empirical studies have examined such issues in Iran. Gated communities driven by the need for the creation of self-contained, planned, and private communities have become part of the Iranian urban housing development. The origin of gated compounds in Iran dates back to Sassanid cities which used walls and gates to control access and separate privileged social classes from the rest of the population. However, it seems that new gated communities first appeared during the early 1960s with the enforcement of the third and fourth Reconstruction Plans of the country. During this period, as housing proved to be a major issue, housing provision by the private sector burgeoned. The target profile was an emerging social class formed owing to the economic and political changes of the early 1960s. With the formation of the new social class and the entry of the private sector in housing market, gated communities became a marketing opportunity and a means of attracting particular markets for private housing developers. In the housing literature, there exist many disagreements on how sense of community is perceived mainly as an indicator of the quality of life of gated communities’ residents. The literature shows that gated communities can both increase and decrease the sense of community. Considering the important functions of the sense of community in residential areas, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the development of the sense of community in gated communities. It mainly tries to answer the question: “How is sense of community perceived among the residents of gated communities of Hamedan and what are the factors that affect it the most?” In this survey, the data were collected from 360 residents above 20 years of age selected through cluster sampling in three gated communities in Hamedan. The scale used for measuring sense of community was the 12-item questionnaire developed by McMillan and Chavis. This questionnaire which enjoys high internal reliability with a Cronbach alpha of 0.80 was developed to measure the sense of community of the residents of the neighborhoods of the European and American cities. However, for the purposes of this research, the items of the scale were revised based on the social relationships and the neighborhood dynamics of the Iranian context. Due to the revision of item 11, the internal reliability was calculated again (Cronbach alpha=0.78). The results showed that the variables related to local social ties including trust and social control, security, length of residence, use of public space and the existence of mixed uses had a meaningful relationship with sense of community. Therefore, it can be claimed that strong local social ties improve mutual trust and facilitate social control as well. In this way, sense of security increases, which leads to an increased number of residents willing to go to public places and enjoy their community; the fact that triggers social interactions, and consequently, sense of community. An increased sense of community in residential areas stimulates residents to stage the reconstruction and modernization of their city. Sense of community paves the way for participatory democracy, contributes to the implementation of various social and economic programs, and eventually, improves the quality of life.In this research, the level of the perceived sense of community was not high. Hence, the results support those disagreeing perspectives in the literature that focus on the social costs of gated communities. Accordingly, gated communities can hamper social interaction and might add to the problems of creating social networks which provide an opportunity for social and economic activities – an issue related to city resilience. Due to the fact that gated communities did not appear overnight, they will not disappear in the short run and certainly will be the major landscape of cities for decades. Therefore, there is the need to look for a way to fully use the benefits of gated communities and minimize their potential harm. There is no single strategy for creating a strong sense of community. Instead, a set of interrelated guidelines and recommendations can be developed in areas such as population, transportation, land use, environmental quality, housing design and urban design which can help promote the sense of community among the residents of gated communities.

What and how the city and Islamic housing in Islamic teachings require extensive reflection and correct inference in the sources of these teachings. Since Islamic teachings have beneficial effects on biological spaces, including housing, it is important to study and research in this regard. Although the principles of Islam are fixed and irreversible truths that have been laid down for all time, but the farewell is high and ijtihad is necessary. That is, at any time and time, it is necessary for specialist experts to adapt the principles of Islam to the changing issues that occur in time, and to determine what these issues are based on. It is evident that the principles laid down for the housing laid down from this The rule is not an exception and should be recognized and adapted to the rules and conditions of the time. The Islamic teachings presented in the Holy Quran and the Word of the Imams (PBUH) provide conceptual and practical strategies in the form of metaphysical and metaphysical principles, which can be utilized on the condition of observing certain principles and inferences. This research seeks to explain the methodology of extracting and correctly deducing Islamic teachings for designing housing design strategies. The research method of this research is a hybrid method (consisting of qualitative content analysis and rational reasoning) which, using this method and based on the narrative teachings of the school of Islam, hints for the inference of the Islamic teachings for their application in architectural design Housing is said to be a step forward in the pursuit of genuine Islamic architecture. The results of the research show that the main factors shaping the "Islamic Housing" are categorized into three main groups that their coherent and rational content will lead to the emergence of "Islamic Housing". The first factor is the "faith of the city" or the principles of their faith, from which we refer to the "intellectual space". The second factor is the "practical and moral principles" of Islam, from which we interpret the notion of behavior and the third factor in the housing structure, from which we refer to "objective space". This body is created by humans (the intellectual space) and with Islamic behavior (Islamic action and ethics), which explains the relationship between man and the outside world (including society, artistic environment and nature), which leads to the creation of space and environment. Which, while emanating from Islamic principles, refer to these principles and help human beings in the Muslim world.

In recent years, the majority of developed countries have invested in high-density developments as a solution to social sustainability, whereas in developing countries, dense urban areas are created largely with an economic justification and with the goal of accommodating a larger population in one place. Density is an objective/quantitative indicator of the compactness of dwelling units and of population size. However, in practice, it influences different residential life conditions such as social conditions, safety in communal spaces, and perception of the environment. Therefore, not only quantitative aspects but also subjective implications of density should be taken into account. The perceptions of density in residents can be different from its nominal value and are rather based on their subjective judgment of place. Such perceptions and judgments depend on various cues and elements, physical factors being among the most important. Knowing about these cues and their prioritization in planning can reduce the negative impacts of high-density residential environments. The aim of this study is to determine which physical environmental factors affect the perceived density. After a library research and interviews with housing experts, a perceived density questionnaire survey was conducted for 110 residents in three similar urban neighborhoods with the same residential and population densities and the same resident socioeconomic status in Mashhad, Iran. Exploratory factor analysis displayed eight major factors, i.e., height of buildings, distance between buildings, view from dwelling units, and visual exposure, which are the most important factors influencing the perception of density. This means that the perceived density depends on spatial configuration, housing types, and the arrangement of residential elements and communal open spaces.

The purpose of this research was to explain the concept of the privacy of women, based on Islamic teachings, and the implementation of the confidentiality of attributes in Aleyasin the traditional House, based on Islamic teachings. Women have specific characteristics and needs, due to their specific nature. Paying attention to the woman is very important in relation to the formation of architectural spaces. Islamic teachings have a special emphasis on the principle of privacy and compliance at home. The objective manifestation of this subject is exploratory and studying in house architecture, with the definition of traditional houses. The traditional Iranian architects have considered the confidentiality, in the construction of buildings, especially houses, as a fundamental principle. Therefore, the question was raised as to how the verses and Islamic narratives emphasize the creation of the principle of privacy for women at home, and how was the principle of confidentiality and its application to the verses and Islamic traditions in the home? To answer this question, the present study focused on the Aleyasin House in Kashan, as an important case in Kashan. The research method was a descriptive-analytic, in such a way that, by examining the verses and narrations, and applying them to the confidentiality of the examples, in the architecture of Aleyasin house, we could say that the principle of confidentiality manifested itself in the building therefore, it is visual, and it has been created through hierarchy and introversion. These principles correspond to the verses of the Quran and Islamic narrations. In the past, architects have been advocating for confidentiality in the building, not only for women, but also for homeowners using these strategies.

Recently in many countries, there is wide acceptance of urban containment and concept of compact city to achieve sustainability. In fact density in residential environments, is used for design guidance to the aim of achieving to compactness. In terms of overall concept, density indicates on compactness of dwelling units and on the level of population. Therefore life condition of residents is in close contact with density. The experience and perception of density by people could be different at different densities and is not adequately expressed by either of density measures. The notion of perceived density is based on the fact that any environment offers cues that enable people to judge an environment’s nature, the potential for action that an environment offers, and the behavior appropriate for that environment. This paper considers the concept of density as one of the factors influencing the quality of human-environment interaction.
Social interaction and community spirit are considered essential for the sustainability of the community and social cohesion. There are contradictory claims about the relationship between high density and social interaction. Some research seems to suggest that high density promotes social interaction, other research indicates that overcrowding may have negative implications for social interaction. Some argue that higher density areas are considered more favorable to community life and social interaction within cities of developing countries than in cities of developed countries. Therefore the relationship of social interaction and density is not understood yet in the context of cities of developing countries.
This paper reports findings from recent research examining the relationship between urban design and layout and aspects of social and communal life in gated communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial configuration on social interaction through the mediating role of perceived density. To address this, three neighborhoods of same net residential and population density with same socioeconomic status of residents and different layouts and spatial configurations were selected for detailed investigation. Data on social interactions, social activities and perceptions of the built and social environment of the neighborhoods were collected through questionnaire surveys. For this reason 300 residents who were chosen randomly completed 4 point likert scale questionnaire. Housing layout and spatial configurations were analyzed using 3D visibility analysis methods and spatial openness index (SOI index).
Data analysis was done by applying SPSS-19 and Amos-23 software. The questionnaire which has been specifically prepared to draw people’s perception of density and social interactions had reliability. The alpha coefficient was satisfactory and confirmatory factor analysis is applied for assessment of construct validity of latent constructs. The results of path analysis showed that the effects of perceived density on social interaction, is significant (P

Abstract
Termites need to thermal regulation inside their nest for survive. Therefore¡ termite mound¡ as a skin between termites and environment¡ perform this mechanism in different form. This paper investi-gates the role of environment in shaping of the variety of the termite mounds in order to remain temperature in building.
In this way termite mound buildings were studied through biological studies. The subject of this study is about termite mounds that distributed in arid area with important mechanism in thermal regulation. This data investigated from architecture features in different climate land¡ then physical difference between them explored and cause of this variety explained. There are biology and climate studies as tools of re-search that surveyed on base of energy knowledge.
Although various forms in building termite mound is not only due to climatic variations¡ but this diversity dependent on environmental characteristics of temperature¡ humidity and solar radiation. In other words¡ shape of building termite mound is constructed with their surroundings. This climate features in hot and cold area gives different effects on height¡ orientation¡ volume and shape of termite mound.
The results show that a variety of forms¡ deal with its surrounding environment and does not cause the main function of the mound. Also Ecosystems have important effect in shape of termite mound in different areas.

To evaluate the accuracy of transcutaneous bilirubin measurement in a large population of newborn infants, before and during the phototherapy.
PATIENTS AND A single Bilicheck instrument was used for transcutaneous measurements. A photo-opaque patch was positioned over the measurement site prior to starting phototherapy. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry was conducted on an unpatched area of the forehead skin and on the nearby site covered by the photo-opaque patch. Readings were obtained from patched and unpatched areas and simultaneous total serum bilirubin concentrations were compared.
We studied 134 term and 36 preterm newborns. Pre-phototherapy measurements showed a strong correlation (r: 0.929, P BiliCheck can be safely used for the evaluation of bilirubin levels in preterm and term newborn infants under phototherapy. BiliCheck is slightly less reliable among preterm newborns.

There are many factors that influence on dwelling. Some of these factors are: climate conditions¡ materials¡ technology¡ sight situation¡ social factors¡ economic¡ religion and etc. In this paper¡ the meaning of dwelling is more than residential complex. It’s also¡ more than apartments¡ residential units¡ houses or different spaces of a house. The meaning of dwelling is residence eco-system which consists of many sub-parts. The interaction between these parts makes eco-system continue living. If any parts of this eco-system change¡ it’s necessary to change other parts in order to make ecosystem alive. Human and environment are the two important parts of the residence eco-system. The environment has 3 main parts concludes: 1-private area¡ 2- semi-private semi-public area and 3- public area. Human as a vital part of this eco-system¡ is different with other parts. Human is an active complicated phenomena that have physical and also psychological needs. Also¡ humans try to search the potentials of their environment and control on it to increase their freedom of choice. In last decades¡ in Iran¡ economic and social crisis like population growth¡ rapid reparation of war damages¡ inflation¡ the villagers¡ migration to the cities and etc. have made programmers and government follow minimal housing. However there are so many researches in the field of residence and housing but¡ the problem has not studied in area of residence ecology. Now¡ these questions can be studied: What is the consequence of minimizing private area (houses) in residence eco-system? How can the problem of minimal housing be compensated in residence eco-system areas (semi-private semi-public area or public area)? Although¡ today’s minimal housing is a solution to residence problem¡ it’s accompanied with some problems because of its incorrect design. In accordance with lately researches¡ during the process of minimizing of houses¡ the surfaces of families’ areas (as sitting room or living room) are decreased. So¡ family members’ interactions may be limited. Decreasing private area in residence eco-system may cause human psycho-damages. As social interactions are one of the important human needs¡ it should be considered. Here¡ compensation of minimized houses in private area can be happened in other areas: public or semi-public one. In this paper¡ the importance of semi-private semi-public area that called “near home area” causes to discuss the compensation of “near home area”. Near home area is important because it is an area with so many potentials for social interactions. Because this area is very close to private area¡ different groups of residents can interact there. In this paper¡ observing residents’ behaviors in two residential complexes show that children play in near home area. Teenagers study¡ play in groups and have conversation with friends in the same age. Adults¡ also visit neighbors¡ go shopping and even study in suitable places. The place of social interaction of the olds is also near home area. Physical disabilities of older people and the importance of safety for kids limit these groups of residents to use public area as easy as near home area. So¡ near home area is more sufficient than public area for residents to attend in. The conclusion of this research is principle patterns for designing near home area as a solution for minimal housing. The research is used qualitative- quantitative method based on scientific reasoning method. Statistical Society is 200 resident families in two big residential complexes. The samples behaviors were submitted by questionnaires and observation. Results consist of design principles for increasing social interactions as a solution of minimal housing in dwelling eco-system. These principles are: Designing the symmetrical structure in near home area; Designing hierarchical structure of open spaces as yards in near home area; Designing Non-distributive structure in near home area; Designing active behavioral zones like playing areas¡ sport spaces¡ walking zone and passive behavioral zones as sitting areas; Designing “pre-house space” – pish khane- for every dwelling unit; Designing “kids playing zone” - eyvan e bazi- for every 3 stores of dwelling blocks; Design of these spaces in residential complexes¡ enhances the surface of near home areas that is shared among all residents and can’t be sold. So¡ programming is necessary to support from investors of these residential complexes. Also¡ maintenance and control of these spaces needs management to decrease extra costs as monthly charging for dwellers.

The importance of Rural Housing and values of historical villages in new constructions has caused the issue of designing residential patterns in rural areas in recent years. Consequently, many studies conducted in the field of rural housing to create design patterns. Pathology reports after running patterns show non-performance or changes of those patterns. Studies indicate that the low efficiency of patterns is because of mass-pointer interference, lack of comprehensive and reliable scientific research on rural housing. In some cases, precise review reposts show that the studies include an array of raw data that has been used in the design stage with no analysis. In each study, the validity of data collection, analysis and conclusions is dependent on appropriate application of scientific method. In research and design of rural housing, using appropriate research method can also ensure the integrity and accuracy of data collection and reliability of analysis and conclusions. In this article the “Survey Research Method” is used regarding design patterns of rural housing in 8 villages of Isfahan province. Therefore the data collection method, field studies, preparation method of research tools (questionnaires), data analysis, validity of data and conclusions are stated. Therefore it can also be reference for other similar researches on rural housing.