razieh etesamipour

Although childbirth and having children are considered a turning point and a pleasant event for women, the characteristics of the postpartum period are associated with unpleasant consequences and events that lead to numerous changes in mothers. For this reason, the need to care for mothers during this period and accurately identify the features of this period is undeniable. This study aimed to compare mental pain, catastrophic pain, and fear of childbirth in nulliparous women with and without postpartum depression.

This research was a descriptive-cross-sectional study conducted based on a causal-comparative design. The statistical population included all primiparous women in Kermanshah who referred to Motazedi Medical Center between February 2022 and April 2022. From the members of the community, 243 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Sampling was done using the non-probability convenience method. The required data were collected using questionnaires, namely Edinburgh’s Postpartum Depression Inventory (2004), Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2003), Sullivan, Bishop, and Pewick Pain Catastrophizing Scale (1995), and Harman's Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire (1998). Data were analyzed in SPSS28 using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), at a significance level of 0.05.

The results indicated that the mean scores of mental pain (M=66.49, F=60.65), pain catastrophizing (M=46.85, F=66.40), and fear of childbirth (M=50.22, F=65.01) were significantly higher in primiparous women with postpartum depression disorder than their counterparts without postpartum depression disorder (P<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study and in line with the research literature, it can be stated that emotions such as fear, cognitive distortions (e.g., catastrophizing and individuals' mentality in perceiving pain), and vulnerability are effective in depression after delivery.

Recent studies have indicated memory dysfunction in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study aimed to examine the relationship between cognitive self-awareness and episodic memory performance in patients with OCD and healthy individuals. In the present study, 30 patients with OCD and 30 normal individuals in the Shiraz Professional Center of Psychiatry, Shiraz, Iran, were randomly selected. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), clinical interview, Well's Metacognitions Questionnaire, and verbal, function, and mental imagination encoding were used. In order to compare groups in terms of episodic memory and cognitive self–awareness and investigate the relationship between variables, MANOVA and the mediation analysis were, respectively, used. Findings showed lower episodic memory performance in participants with OCD, but indicated higher cognitive self-awareness in these individuals as compared with normal subjects. Moreover, episodic memory performance played a mediator role between cognitive self-awareness and OCD. High self-awareness in individuals with OCD explains both obsessional pathology and decreasing of episodic memory performance. Metacognition treatments can decrease self-awareness and increase thought control.

Spouse abuse is a manifestation of domestic violence that happens in the privacy and personal environment and in most cases occurs among people who are linked due to intimacy, blood relationship and legality. Violence against women can have many serious consequences such as sexual disorders, suicide, anxiety, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, unwanted pregnancy and serious harm due to the cause of violence (even committing suicide). The main purpose of this study was to compare the spouse abuse, low self-esteem and sexual disorders between urban and rural married women. In this descriptive study, we selected 1270 respondents married women who lived in Jahroom, using random sampling. We used domestic violence, self-esteem, sexual disorders and sexual satisfaction questionnaires.According to the results, the rate of received mental, psychical, and economic violence in rural women was significantly higher than that in urban women and the rate of self-esteem in urban women was significantly higher than that in rural women and there was a significant relationship between the types of spouse abuse and distinctive of self-esteem in women. So, it seems that spouse abuse, as one manifestation of domestic violence, can affect couple's lives from different angles. It can cause bad sexual performance,reduction of self-confidence in women, and consequently disorder in interpersonal relationship.