فهرست مطالب reyhane karparvar

in the contemporary age, issues related to the rights and rulings of women and the family have become more important and later jurists have dealt with it in more detail. in the opinions of jurists, there have been differences between men and women In the social and family rights that sometimes in different periods, this opinions has undergone changes. One of the important issues related to women's rights is “The need for a woman to leave” The present study has analyzed the developments of the fatwas of the Imami jurists regarding the permission of women to leave with a descriptive-analytical method. Studies show that the fatwas of most scholars on this issue before modernity are often very brief and expressed in the same literature, and in contrast after the modernity and especially at the same time with the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran we face many question in this issue. Relationship between this issue and socio-political contexts of Muslim societies and women's lifestyle, the need to pay attention to thematics and the need for a jurisprudential explanation of this issue in accordance with the pattern of women's social presence are the most important findings of this study.

With the advent of modernity in Iran, the concept of "city" in its contemporary sense was born and has undergone numerous transformations since then. As these transformations have posed challenges in the physical structure of the city in terms of housing, urban facilities, and transportation, this research, adopting a thematic approach, aims to explore these challenges and their resolution by social policymakers, urban planners, and religious scholars. Using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on available data from documentary sources, the study delves into the question of how urban transformations have influenced the emergence of challenges to the religious life of women in Iran. Thus, after examining urban transformations in the Qajar, Pahlavi, and post-revolutionary periods, it elucidates the challenges that have arisen as a result of these transformations and have affected the religious lives of women. The findings reveal that housing transformations have created challenges such as hindering the internalization of the hijab requirement, depriving women of the capacity for religious literacy through domestic gatherings, and more. Transformations in urban facilities have led to challenges such as the demand for women's presence in public spaces as a feminist demand, the reinforcement of consumerism, and so on. Changes in transportation have brought about challenges such as an increase in women's inclination to travel at night in the city.