فهرست مطالب reza elhami

According to a narration of the Holy Prophet and the consensus of the jurists of the two major denominations (of Shi’a and Sunni), "gharar" (risk-taking) is known as one of the reasons for the invalidity of transactions. But what is the nature of gharar?
Despite its importance, there are few researchers who have studied its truth and definition; This research has tried to determine the nature of gharar by gathering different views on the definition of gharar and providing a detailed analysis of its application in jurisprudence. This research has been able to compile the sayings of the jurists in description of gharar and by providing an analysis of its application in jurisprudence, to determine the genus and nature differentia of gharar, "sale", "barters" (mu’āwiḍāt), as well as the point of view of jurists about the differentia of gharar in cases such as "impossibility to measure" or "non-safety of annihilation before deliverance" or "leading to the conflict" or "complicated and confused things" or "having risk" or "Something that its attainment is unknown" or "something that its access or its amount is unknown" or " deserving to be avoided by custom" or "its attainment being unknown". From the point of view of this research the jurisprudential definition of gharar according to the practical method of jurists is as follows: "Every exchange and anything related to it in which the existence, occurrence or value of one of the two substitutes is unknown." The result of this research will be used in the more precise implementation of the rule in jurisprudence issues and will be cited as a dynamic rule.

One of the most important climatic factors that affect the distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in the plant is the lack of water available to the plant. Water stress is actually one of the most important environmental stresses that can severely affect plant growth and performance. The mechanism of resistance to drought stress, in turn, differs among plant species. Therefore, plants have the ability to reduce the use of their resources and regulate their growth to cope with adverse environmental conditions such as drought. Stomatal regulation of plants through increasing ion transport, and abscisic acid signaling is also in the molecular mechanisms of plant response to drought stress.It is involved. One of the most efficient mechanisms of plants, when faced with water stress, is the osmotic regulation mechanism that occurs in plants in order to maintain turgescence and cell swelling.Considering that the effect of GABA in inducing resistance to all kinds of stresses in plants is significant and the research in this field is increasing in the world, This research in Iran is still in its initial stages. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions.Considering the significant role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in inducing resistance to various stresses in plants and the increasing research in this field globally, it is important to explore the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions in Iran.

This research was carried out as a field and as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. For this purpose, 27 x 1.5 meter plots were prepared for each plant. 5 rows were placed in each plot and 7 seeds were placed in each row. After sufficient initial growth and seedling establishment, the first stage of GABA spraying (0, 1, and 2 mg/liter) was done. After about a week passed from the first phase of foliar spraying, water scarcity stress (irrigation at 100% (control), 75%, and 50% of the agricultural capacity of the field) was applied. The irrigation method applied in this research was closed-end irrigation, where water was provided to the roots using the plots created in the field and inside the experimental plots. Water entered the experimental plots through a 1-inch hose from the irrigation piping of Miandoab University. Irrigation treatment at three irrigation levels up to 100% of crop capacity as a control treatment. Irrigation of the land was applied until reaching 75% of the agricultural capacity and irrigation up to 50% of the agricultural capacity. Before each irrigation, the soil moisture was read using a hygrometer at a depth of 30 cm. According to the average amount of water required for irrigation control treatments, the volume of water for other treatments was determined by considering 25% and 50% reduction. Two weeks after the last stage of foliar spraying with GABA treatment at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 mg/liter, morphological characteristics such as the number of side branches, plant length, pod length, pod diameter, pod number, and seed number per plant and the quantitative and qualitative yield of fenugreek was measured.Chlorophyll and carotenoids were measured using the method (Arnon, 1949). To measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, 0.2 g of the fresh leaves of the plant were ground in a Chinese mortar containing 2 mL of 80% acetone, so that the chlorophyll enters the acetone solution, and then about 2 mL of the extract the obtained acetone was removed. The obtained acetone extract solution was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4000 revolutions and then the optical absorption of the supernatant solution was read at wavelengths of 470, 646, and 663 by a spectrophotometer.Folin Ciocalto reagent was used to measure total phenol compounds (Slinkard and Singleton, 1997). To perform this test, two mL of Fulin Ciocalto reagent was added to 400 µL of the diluted extract, and after five minutes, 1.6 mL of 75 g.L-1 sodium carbonate solution was added to it. After half an hour, the absorbance value of the mixture at 765 nm wavelength was read by a spectrophotometer in front of the blank. Different concentrations of calic acid were used to draw a standard curve. A spectrophotometer was used to measure flavonoids using the method of Krizek et al. (1998). The method of Miloskos et al. was used to measure the total antioxidant.Data collection included measurements of plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and yield components such as number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and seed germination rate. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. In the end, the data obtained from this experiment were analyzed with SAS 9.1 statistical software, and the averages were compared using Duncan's test at the probability level of 5%. Also, the graphs were drawn using Excel software.

In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the positive effects of GABA application on the growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions. GABA-treated plants exhibited enhanced growth parameters and improved yield components compared to the control group. These results highlight the potential of GABA as a promising tool for mitigating the negative impacts of water stress on plant growth and productivity. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms of GABA-induced stress tolerance in plants and its potential applications in agricultural practices.The results of the research showed that the morphological and functional characteristics of fenugreek plants are directly affected by irrigation stress, and the use of GABA foliar application moderates the effects of irrigation stress in studied plants. One of the reasons for the decrease in the number of seeds in the pod can be related to insufficient photosynthesis and the production of the necessary materials for the growth of all the seeds due to water stress, which ultimately causes a smaller number of seeds to grow in the pod. As an additional result, the use of GABA foliar spray treatment with a concentration of 2 mg.L-1 under irrigation stress conditions has increased the content of phenol, flavonoid, and total sugar.

The murder of the testator by the heir in testamentary disposition (testament for disposition of personal property), while challenging and lacking in research background, raises the question of whether such a murder can deprive the legatee of taking possession of the bequest (legacy). Three jurisprudential views based on the investigations can be considered in this regard that the murder of the testator by the legatee has no effect on taking position of the legatee according to the famous view and the legatee is still the owner of the bequest (legacy). However, two other views, in a little detail, are based on the fact that murdering a testator by the legatee as in the case of inheritance would prevent the legatee from the bequest (legacy). The present article considers the famous theory acceptable by using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, while critically analyzing and evaluating the jurisprudential fundamentals of the proposed views and also considers the prevention of the legatee from the bequest more acceptable by arguing that on the one hand, no evidence that stipulates the prevention of murdering from testamentary disposition (testament for disposition of personal property) and the absoluteness of verses, traditions and principle as the main reason for the famous point of view, each of them can be undermined in some ways and does not have the authority to prove the famous point of view.

Belief, along with religious and non-religious duties, are among the most important issues addressed by Sharia (Islamic law). It may be claimed that strong arguments can be put forward for the necessity of believing in the principles of religion. This article seeks to provide an answer to the question raised with regard to the validity of certainty as follows: If somebody adopts a false belief through the recognition of his own intellect, or on the contrary, if somebody, through rational reasoning, denies a belief stablished in a religious community, how can the possibility of his worldly and hereafter punishment be justified based on rational reasoning? By examining the rational arguments and the jurists’ injunctions, we find out that since the validity of a decision is inherent, a person who is firm on a theory and performs actions accordingly, or abandons real and self-evident duties, it is impossible to make the actions obligatory contrary to his decision. Also, it can be concluded that although, in practice, it is possible to force him to show commitment or pretend to do so against his will, it is not possible for him to change his belief. Therefore, if his ignorance was his fault, he will be punished for his fault not for acting according to his belief.

The principle of equality of persons before the law is accepted in accordance with Article 14 of Article 3 of the Constitution. However, the Islamic Penal Code of 1992, in accordance with Imami jurisprudence, has considered gender to be involved in the implementation of some punishments, including limits. In the punishment of adultery, many differences are observed in the circumstances and also the quality of the execution of adultery.Given that the effect of gender on the punishment of individuals is contrary to the principle of. Considering these views, it becomes clear that some of these examples are the place of disagreement of the jurists and The principle of equality of persons before the law is accepted in accordance with Article 14 of Article 3 of the Constitution. However, the Islamic Penal Code of 1992, in accordance with Imami jurisprudence, has considered gender to be involved in the implementation of some punishments, including limits. In the punishment of adultery, many differences are observed in the circumstances and also the quality of theConsidering these views, it becomes clear that gender inequality has been positive and in accordance with the interests of both parties only in some cases, and in other cases, which include: reluctance to commit adultery against a man, proof of the death sentence for adultery with a spouse Motherhood and inequality in the definition provided in Ehsan are not in their interests.

Despite the consensus of the Imami and Sunni jurists about the principle of the exclusion of brothers for the mother and, as a result, her deprivation of the surplus share of the mother's one-sixth (share), the difference of opinion still remains that, presuming the brother to be the murderer, whether his right to the surplus share of the mother’s one-sixth (share) is still valid or does committing murder prevent the exclusion of brothers? Induction in jurisprudential sources indicates the existence of different views on this issue, to the extent that the renowned majority of jurists believe that presuming the brother is the murderer, they do not exclude the mother, and some others do not think that murder is an obstacle to the exclusion of brothers; some others have also left the issue in doubt or proposed caution. Conducted with descriptive and analytical method, this research tries to recognize the point of view of non-exclusion of the murderer brothers as a strong and defensible assertion; arguing that the general word “brothers” in verse 11 of Sūrat al-Nisā as a reason for the opposite view can be violable, and on the other hand, documents such as criterion (manāṭ) derived from the narrations about the non-deprivation of infidels and slaves (mamlūk), and inclusion of the mentioned manāṭ in murder - in the manner of refinement of the basis of a ruling and the removal of limitation - as well as the alignment of the consensus or at least the general acceptance of this point of view by the jurists, and most importantly, the allegorical aspect of the above-mentioned topics in the hadiths and non-relevance of the topics mentioned in the successive order of the ruling of non-exclusion, are among the documents that justify the acceptance of the non-exclusion view of the murderer brother. Therefore, the legislator’s approach to follow the unpopular jurisprudential point of view in accepting the assertion of exclusion - in the exception of the third condition of clause (b) contained in article 892 of the Civil Code - is subject to criticism; after proof of claim, removal of the mentioned exception is suggested to the conventional legislator.

In Iranian criminal law, a special criminal policy has been adopted to combat security crimes and punish imperfect crimes. And the regulation of the commission of a crime in law has been based on this policy. In this article with theoretical and library research method and with descriptive method And is analytical, seeks to examine Iran's criminal policy towards the beginning of security crimes according to the principles and foundations of justice We are criminal. From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code, without Security crimes and the beginning of committing them violate security, disrupt public order and threaten the existence of the government, hence. . From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code, without Security crimes and the beginning of committing them violate security, disrupt public order and threaten the existence of the government, hence. . From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code, without Security crimes and the beginning of committing them violate security, disrupt public order and threaten the existence of the government, hence.

The Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majni Alayh against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of disagreement among jurists, so that the well-known jurists, mainly because such an amnesty requires our removal, do not consider it correct and remove the guarantee from They do not know the next infection. The second view considers such an amnesty to be a valid will, which is valid and effective for up to one-third of the diyat, and more than one-third of which is subject to the permission of the heirs. In contrast, some other contemporary jurists, without justifying this pardon by will, have absolutely ruled that such an amnesty is correct, which, in turn, guarantees the removal of any further contagion for Johnny.
The present article, with its descriptive-analytical method, while re-reading the jurisprudential principles of the proposed views and using the available documents and approvals, has considered the third promise to be defensible. The proposal of the present article is that the legislature, with the aim of creating the unity of judicial procedure, by adding a legal article, to give legal validity to the "correctness of pardon from contagion and non-guarantee of life".

Although criminal laws have strong enforcement instruments, in order According to Article 113 of the Constitution, after the Supreme Leader, the president is the highest official in the country. He is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and the head of the executive branch, except in matters which are directly related to the Supreme Leader. The rationale of the aforementioned principle is that the president is the highest executive authority. According to Article 114 of the Constitution, he is elected by direct vote of the people. Therefore, considering that the president is elected by the people and takes over the implementation of affairs that are the affairs of the absolute authority of the jurist, it seems necessary to examine the nature of his decisions, in such a way that the president is the lawyer of the people and the validity of his decisions as the decisions of the lawyer is limited to the limits set in the constitution or that he has authority through the implementation of the leader in the determinate compass and whether can act absolutely according to the interests of the wards or is his choice a sign of allegiance and the effects related to it are current? Among these effects, we can mention people's loyalty to all the decisions made.Therefore, an attempt has been made to explain the concepts of "province", "representation" and "allegiance" with a descriptive-analytical and library method and by adapting them to the limits of the president's powers in the Constitution, the juridical nature of these decisions has been clarified.Considering these concepts and examining the necessary conditions for the president and the limits of his possessions in the constitution, the president’s privilege of the title of authority will be given. Because legislation, judiciary and implementation of laws are the affairs of the absolute authority of the jurist and considering that these affairs are delegated to triple forces in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, political representatives, who are called people's lawyers, as well as the president, have the title of authority, that this province is during the absolute jurisprudence of the jurist and it is obtained by means of tacit (representatives of parliament) and official (president) confirmation. It goes without saying that the nature of elections in the process of electing parliament members and the president is allegiance to the Islamic government because, as mentioned, the works of the triple forces are the affairs of the absolute authority of the jurist, whose implementation has been entrusted to the aforementioned forces.

The age of the child is one of the most important and challenging issues that is the focus of lawyers and advocates of children's rights today. According to Article 1 of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 18 years of age is recognized as an adult But in Islamic jurisprudence, the main criterion for proving the rulings and duties is the age of puberty, and in the case law of Iran, The age of puberty is known. The main reason for this discrepancy between domestic law and conventions is the attention to the element of maturity in Imami jurisprudence.The important question is what effect will the decrease or increase of age in determining "childhood" have on the rights and interests of the child? Also, given that The age of the child in Iranian law is a follower of Imami jurisprudence, how can it be done against it and match the mentioned age Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to determine the possibility of complying with international conventions

Juvenile criminal responsibility in Iranian criminal law has changed significantly over time according to the law. In the contemporary era under the influence of new criminal thoughts and ideas , Has tried to further expand the age range of absolute irresponsibility towards these people.Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 in a scientific approach He has taken a step in this direction scientifically and at the same time as far as possible from the jurisprudential point of view, And without gender discrimination, a certain age for 1- Absolute criminal liability 2- Relative criminal liability 3- Total criminal liability, albeit in a reduced form, The legislature in crimes causing hadd and retribution by adding the condition of "criminal growth" to other conditions of criminal responsibility, one of the most important features of the system of responsibility Penalties for children are reduced in this law.This article seeks to answer this question What are the characteristics of the system of reduced liability of children in the current law and how the two criteria of criminal growth and puberty in law recognizing juvenile criminal responsibility has been considered. In this article with the method of descriptive-analytical form and information libraries And the data is analyzed, and finally it can be said that the current law, although it has been able to challenge the previous laws But it is worthwhile to make decisions for children under the age of nine that are lighter

The crime of genocide, which has been considered as one of the most important international crimes by international organizations and assemblies, has always threatened human societies throughout history. The genocide and its punishment were passed in 1948. In this article, we would like to describe in a descriptive-analytical way the legal issues of the Halabja chemical bombing crime, such as the violation of various conventions and international regulations by the Ba'athist regime in Iraq, the compliance of the Ba'athist regime's criminal behavior with international crimes and the analysis of criminal responsibility. The Government of Iraq, Investigating the Crime of Genocide and Other International Crimes According to the Statute of the International Criminal Court, let's evaluate the Iranian legal system in criminalizing the crime of genocide.Studies show that, given the material and spiritual elements of each war crime, crimes against humanity and genocide in Articles 5, 6 and 7 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the chemical bombing of Halabja is a clear example of the crime of genocide. The existence of a formal and substantive legal vacuum regarding the crime of genocide and adequacy and the non-inclusion of criminal titles in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 in the implementation and extension of the crime of genocide and the applicability of international jurisdiction of Iranian domestic courts to prosecute and prosecute the perpetrators of this crime are all necessary. Immediate removal requires an existing legal loophole

Duress is one of the factors that, according to the Hadith of Raf and other reasons, eliminate duty and responsibility from committing a crime but well-known Imams' jurists accepted duress in homicide and are believed that in the case of committing, the person becomes the retribution. The main question of this study is that, with Supposing the acceptance of the famous opinion, Whenever a threat comes from Mokrah, is more important and more difficult than homicide that Mokrah duress to that, for example a person duress other to homicide a person and Threatening if he don’t homicide him, he will homicide the whole of his family, what is duty?
Based on the evidence presented in the article, it is concluded that in the premise of the rule of the most important and the important, it permits the permission and the need for homicide of duress.

Revilement (sabb) – particularly reviling the believers – is among the spiteful matters to the legislator and its unlawfulness is unanimously agreed upon by all Muslims. Despite the fact that this subject has been brought up in jurisprudential discourses such as the one on justice contradictions and chapters relating to illicit professions, legal punishments, discretionary penalties, and its rulings are studied, there are still ambiguities in it needing to be researched about.Of the significant outcomes that are achieved in this research while analyzing the concept of sabb, is the expansion of this concept; conditions such as imperativeness of sabb and encounter with the masbūb (the reviled), which were assumed to interfere in the truth of sabb rather than in the concept of sabb nor in the criterion of its ruling, are valid. Concerning the condition of the addressee being impressed and offended, if not being impressed by sabb is because of the existence of a trait in that person, that trait would not change the ruling of sabb due to the proofs being held true; but if it is because of the existence of a trait in the speech, it is irrelevant to sabb by way of qualification.Similarly, concerning the issue of requitement in sabb, the view of the non-permissibility of requitement in sabb is strengthened by juxtaposing the arguments, because sabb is in itself evil and an evidence of “false speech” and unlawful; besides man’s right, there is also Divine right in it, then the title of compensation (muqāṣṣa) cannot be a license for perpetrating it.

In present work, numerical analysis of three novel PEM fuel cells with tubular geometry was conducted. Tree different cross section was considered for PEM, namely: circular, square and triangular. Similar boundary and operational conditions is applied for all the geometries. At first, the obtained polarization curve for basic architecture fuel cells was validated with experimental data and then results of novel tubular three architectures were compared with basic conventional geometry. The results showed that for one case in V=0.4 volt, circular and square tubular models gives up to 27.5 and 8 percent outlet current density more than base model, whereas in triangular model predicts the decrease of 14.37 percent compared to the base model. Because square tubular and in particular circular tubular models doesn’t have sharp edges, uniform reaction could take place in allover the catalyst layer of cathode and anode electrodes and therefore the distribution of the hydrogen, oxygen and water is uniform. Also circular geometry due to use of all the reaction surface and lacking of dead zones produces higher power outputs. The temperature distribution in lateral direction in the reaction zone for three configurations indicates that maximum temperature for circular tubular has the lowest values in comparison to two other cases that is resulting from uniform surface reaction for this geometry. The results presented in this paper can be used for designing novel architecture of fuel cells.

One of the tests that are done on helicopter rotor blades is modal analysis to obtain its natural frequencies and various modes of vibration. It is done periodically to ensure blades performance for non-occurrence of resonance obtained under various operating conditions. Therefore, in this paper the rotor modal analysis are discussed. Since metal or composite helicopter blades have a certain flexibility at different speeds in different planes can lead to deformation of the structure that can have a great effect on the aerodynamic performance of the helicopter.
In this paper, modal analysis of helicopter blade has been carried out by the finite element analysis and modal test on the rotor structure. The finite element analysis has been developed by two approach of analytical method of FORTRAN code, and the finite element software of ABAQUS. Modal testing was also performed in both static and dynamic states, with constant speed, to validate the finite element method. Finally, the results of both methods are compared with each other. After ensuring there correspondence between finite element analysis and experimental results, an analysis was done according to the operating conditions of the rotor and finally Spoke diagram has been generated. According to this diagram became clear there was not any problem with the resonance of the rotor blades, while the numerical result of case has an acceptable match with the experimental results.

Localization systems are usually used for detecting moving and offensive targets of enemy. The sound localization، however، is one of the main approaches in passive defense which has an impending role to aggression of enemy. This kind of localization method is carried out in a passive way، without emission of any signals and cannot be detected easily. The acoustic signals emitted by a sound source are used to detect its position. Sound source localization is estimated by measuring the time difference of sound from the microphone array. Due to the distance between the microphones in an array، sound reaches the microphone with shifting times. There are many various methods for estimating this time difference of the sound. The locus of sound source position creates a series of hyperbolic; and the source location is obtained by solving a set of nonlinear equations of these hyperbolic. Sound positioning algorithms generally solve these equations by linearization and geometric symmetry. In this study، instead of nonlinear hyperbolic equations، the trigonometric relations of geometric symmetry in a four microphone array are used to obtain the position of sound source. The results show that the trigonometric method is more accurate and less sensitive to noise as well as lower computation load، compared to the sophisticated hyperbolic equations. The mean error induced by noise is about 8. 9% and 13. 1% in the trigonometric and hyperbolic method respectively.