reza jahanshahi

Due to the lack of fresh water in Iran and the existence of a large amount of saline water in the surface and groundwater, it is necessary to conduct research with natural methods without environmental pollution to reduce the salinity of water sources. Therefore, in this research, the reduction of salinity of a sample of brackish water from the groundwater water of Zahedan plain was evaluated using halophyte plants. In this regard, the physical model of hydroponic irrigation was used for water purification by halophyte plants (Aloe-vera and Pampas). The results showed that phytoremediation by Aloe-vera and Pampas plants reduced the salinity and some elements in the water. The comparison of the reduction of the average concentration of elements by one plant of both Aloe vera and Pampas plants showed that in a volume of 15 liters of brackish water (with an electrical conductivity of 5000 µS/cm), sulfur, sodium, and potassium elements were 26, 14 and 8.5 mg/liter respectively, had the highest amount of removal among the elements. While the highest "removal potential" of elements by these plant was related to cesium element by 54% and 85%, respectively.

This research has studied the hydrochemistry and quality of groundwater resources in Saravan area. According to the hydrograph of the water table, ground water level (from 2014 to 2019) has decreased (-7.88 m). The delay time between rainfall and water table is about one or two months, which indicates relatively good permeability in the alluvial aquifer. According to the EC map, the quality of groundwater has decreased from west to east, and the groundwater of qanat’s has better quality than the exploitation wells. Because the well's mother of the qanats is dug in the upstream part of the aquifer and inside the alluvial fan, which has better quality ground water, Also the drainage system of the qanats is in such a way that only the over flow of ground water comes out. In the groundwater of the studied areas, there are three types of water: NaCl, NaSO4 and NaCl (HCO3). In general, there is an increase in chloride and sodium from qanat water resources to wells in the studied area. Also, increasing the depth of the well has increased the percentage of chloride and sodium. According to the distribution map of discharge of wells, groundwater extraction in the west area is more than the east region. Based on the factor analysis, two main factors affecting the quality of the aquifers have been identified, the first factor is the dissolution of minerals, which controls the quality of water sources and the second factor is the factors controlling the acidity/alkalinity.

Because of the numerous problems created by neurofibromatosis type 1, particular quality-of-life evaluation measures are quite significant. In Iran, general instruments are used to assess the quality of life of the target group. This study aimed to translate and examine the psychometrics of the Persian version of the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Adult Health-related Quality of Life (NF1-AdQOL) questionnaire.

This was a methodological and cross-sectional study. A total of 414 adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in the Iranian Association of Neurofibromatosis were selected via convenience sampling. With the permission of the questionnaire's developer, the English version was translated into Persian using the standard back-translation procedure. Validity was assessed using face validity, content validity, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire were assessed by Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's correlation, respectively.

The participants' mean age was 34.48±8.3 years. The 31-item questionnaire was translated into Persian, and based on content validity analysis, 2 items were removed. The adequacy of the sample size was acceptable (KMO = 0.940). Exploratory factor analysis revealed 4 factors. The scale had good reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.95), and the intraclass coefficient was 0.91. The total mean quality of life score was 93±25.18.

The finding showed that the Persian version of the questionnaire has good structural characteristics and is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the quality of life of patients with neurofibromatosis 1.

One of the most important problems in mining is the flow of groundwater into the pit mines. The location and amount of these waters are often dependent on the permeable zones. Therefore, geostatistical methods can be used to identify these zones. Hence, geostatistical research has been done on variable data of the rock quality designation (RQD) to identify permeable zones in the area of Takht e- Gonbad copper mine pit, Sirjan. This mine is located in Kerman province, northeast of the Sirjan city and it is an open-pit type. A total of 69 exploration boreholes have been dug in the area around the pit. During the drilling, the variable data of the RQD was recorded during a spatial distance of 3 m along the entire length of the boreholes. Identifying areas with high permeability in the rock units of the region, especially in the subsurface of the aquifer, is necessary to carry out the drainage plan in the future. In this research, geostatistical simulation methods have been used to identify permeable zones. The results of the preliminary statistics showed that the RQD has an increasing trend with increasing depth. The spatial continuity of the RQD based on the directional variogram and the spherical model was estimated about 81 meters, and was greater in the east-west direction. Finally, by geostatistical simulation, the areas with high permeability in the region have been determined which are mainly located in the northeast and southwest of the pit.

To determine the pooled prevalence of cancer in subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS) who received Natalizumab.

Two researchers systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, google scholar, and gray literature including references of the included studies. The search strategy which was used in PubMed was (“Disseminated Sclerosis” OR “multiple sclerosis” OR “MS” OR “Acute Fulminating”) AND (“Cancer” OR “Neoplasia*” OR “Neoplasm*” OR “Tumor*” OR “Malignancy” OR “Benign Neoplasm” OR “Malignant neoplasm”) AND (“Tysabri” OR “Antegren” OR “natalizumab” OR “Modifying Therapy”).

We found 1,993 articles by literature search, and 1,573 studies remained after removing duplicate studies. For metaanalysis, we used the extracted data of eight studies. The pooled prevalence of cancer in patients who received Natalizumab was 2% (95%CI: 1–3%; I 2: 99.4%, P < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of basal cell carcinoma in patients with cancer was 12% (95%CI: 5–20%; I2 :50.3%, P = 0.13).

The main finding of this systematic review and metaanalysis is that the pooled prevalence of cancer in subjects who suffer from MS and received natalizumab was 2%.

The assessment of recharge is one of the most important issues in management and planning of the groundwater resources. In this study, the amount of recharge to the Semnan alluvial aquifer was investigated using methods of water table fluctuations (WTF), chloride mass balance (CMB), water budget and stable isotopes. The parameter is highly important for managing this vital aquifer as over- exploitations for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses occurred, resulting in water table decline with an average rate of about 80 cm annually. Based on the results, the values of recharge into the Semnan alluvial aquifer are estimated about 4.4, 2.5 and 2.1 MCM/year by WTF, CMB and water budgetmethods, respectively. The isotopic data ( 18 O and 2 H) do not show any significant effects of evaporation on recharge process, confirming the main role of highland recharge in this arid-land aquifer. Combining results of the recharge studies in saturated zone of Semnan aquifer, yields annual rainfall recharge of about 3 MCM, which is about 5% of the annual precipitations.

This research was carried out in Takht-e-Gonbad open pit copper mine in Kerman province, located in 80 km northeast of Sirjan. According to structural geology, this area is located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc. This mine is currently in the early years of mineral extraction. The 69 exploration boreholes have been drilled in rock units around the mine pit in which the flush return percentage during drilling were also collected. It is necessary to identify areas with higher permeability in the rock units to design the dewatering plan in the future, so that, geostatistics and simulation methods were used to analyze the flush return. The results of the preliminary statistics show the percentage of the flush return increases with depth. Investigating the spatial continuity of this variable based on the variograms and the spherical model shows that its spatial continuity is about 252 meters, with dominant elongation at the east-west direction. Furthermore, the northeast and southwest portions of the mine are observed to have the largest permeability using the geostatistical simulations by the Gaussian method.

Lack of uncertainty studies is one of the common shortcomings in travel demand forecasts. This has led to overestimation of demand and has made some transportation infrastructures unprofitable. Investing in projects with less but more reliable profit is important. Mount Carlo simulation is one of the most common methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. One of the main requirements of Monte Carlo is the use of efficient random number generators to generate random numbers with high uniformity. But the uniformity of random numbers produced by pseudo-random number generators (PRNG’s) may be sometimes good and sometimes poor. But quasi-random number generators (QRNG’s) produce a sequence of deterministic random numbers with more uniformity and thus better filling the unit hypercube. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and quantify the uncertainty of travel demand models and investigate the effects of RNG’s. The aims of this research article are threefold: 1. Measure the uncertainty of travel demand (production and attraction) models; 2- Using sensitivity analysis, rank the input variables that play the most important role in the uncertainty of the model outputs; and 3- Investigate the effect of quasi-random and pseudo-random generators on uncertainty. The results of this study showed that the travel production and attraction models reduce the uncertainty of inputs and the uncertainty of the attraction models is higher than the production models. The Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and shuffled Halton are marginally more stable than other methods assessed in this study.

This systematic review and meta‑analysis aim to update the pooled prevalence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Two researchers independently and systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and google scholar. They also searched for references of the included studies, and conference abstracts that were published up to September 2021.

The literature search revealed 5719 articles, after deleting duplicates 3616 remained. Finally, 17 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of IBD in MS was 1% (I2 = 96.3%, P < 0.001). The pooled odds ratio of developing IBD in MS cases was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.1–1.6) (I2 = 58.3, P = 0.01).

The results of this systematic review and meta‑analysis show that the pooled prevalence of IBD in MS patients was 1% and the pooled odds ratio of developing IBD in MS cases was 1.36.

The Gohar-Zamin mine is located in the southwest of Sirjan city in Kerman province, Iran. Geology condition showed that two fault categories played an important role in the formation of crushed and weathered regions in the southern part of the pit. The spatial analysis of the Lugeon variable indicated that the hydraulic conductivity in the rock mass is very low and the groundwater flow is concentrated only in a limited number of high-transmission main gaps. The mine needs to the designing a proper system for dewatering. Hence, a Gaussian simulation method was used to determine the suitable location of the dewatering wells in the vicinity of the pit. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) was used to examine location maps, histograms, correlations, and variogram of the Lugeon and RQD data. The relationship between Lugeon and RQD with depth demonstrated that the minimum of RQD and maximum of Lugeon were concentrated in certain elevations. The calculated variograms of RQD and Lugeon showed good spatial continuity. Variograms of the normalized values were performed to carry out the Gaussian simulation of the RQD and Lugeonn variables. Probability and uncertainty maps of RQD and Lugeon indicated that the south-eastern parts of the pit play an important role in permeability.

This study investigated the contamination of some rare elements and minor ions for 43 points of the groundwater and surface water resources in Sarduiyeh area in Kerman province, Iran. In this region, low correlations between the concentration of rare elements were observed due to unsuitable geochemical conditions and heterogeneity in the lithological composition and groundwater outflow from multiple hard-rock aquifers. Moreover, two factors of mineral dissolution with high solubility and agricultural activities were effective factors in the presence of minor elements. Concentrations of Cu, B, NO3 and Mn in all points were below the standard of the drinking water and there was no contamination with these elements in the area. Barium concentration was lower than drinking water standard in the areas except in two thermal springs. Fe concentration was less than drinking standard in all areas except one of the river samples. The amount of fluoride in the points of spring SP1 and two thermal springs observed above the drinking water standard. While in some samples, aluminum had a concentration lower than the standard. Using the pollution index, it can be said that the surface and groundwater resources of the study area had a medium level of pollution. According to the evaluation of nitrate and fluoride consumption in water resources as drinking water, it was observed that water consumption in 1 year in terms of nitrate was not dangerous while for fluoride, consuming water resources for more than two years was harmful to health in most samples.

Statement of the Problem: 

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health concern in the world. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been used to prevent ECC as a scientifically tested method for advising patients.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MI on prevention of ECC and identify factors shaping outcomes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using MI as the intervention and the decay-missing-filled index (dmfs) report as result. Databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library were systematically searched to recognize relevant RCTs evaluating the effects of MI on prevention of ECC from the beginning of 1989 to April 2020. Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were summarized using a fixed-effect model. Visual inspection of Egger's test was used for potential publication bias in this study.

Six studies comprising 2776 contributors showed that MI had a significant effect on preventing ECC. There was no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that deleting any of the studies could not affect the significance of pooled results. This meta-analysis showed that MI might prevent ECC.

MI will be effective at any age, whether it is a baby or a child, and more than the number of interview sessions, the quality of the sessions should be considered. Moreover, follow-up for at least 3 years will be very effective.

Tangab Dam is located 90 km south of Shiraz city and 12 km northwest of Firuzabad city on the Firuzabad river. This dam is constructed in the Zagros zone on the Podenow limestone anticline. Evidence shows that there is a possibility of water escaping from the reservoir and abutments. In this research, the exploratory data analysis includes: distribution maps, histogram, statistical parameters, and variogram was performed on the variables of RQD, Lugeon and cementing. Moreover, geostatistical modeling is used to recognize the permeable zones. These variables have high variation in the different elevations. According to omnidirection variograms, the spatial continuity of cementing estimated 100 m while pursuant to idirection variograms for RQD and Lugeon it ranged between 200-400 and 40-160 respectively. Finally, according to the simulation and uncertainty maps of the variables of Lugeon, RQD and cementing it observed that there are areas with high permeability in two locations in the center of the reservoir and northwest of the dam. Therefore, the potential of escaping is higher in these places. The study of faults in the study area showed that the density of faults is higher on the right abutment of the dam and this can increase the permeability.

Hamoun wetland includes Hamoun Pozak, Saberi and Helmand as the largest freshwater lake in Iran and one of the most important wetlands of international importance. This wetland is located in the southeast of Iran in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to the increase in rainfall in Afghanistan and eastern Iran in 2018-2020, there is a possibility of flooding of the gas transmission pipeline from Dashtak Launcher Station to Zabol city in a part of Helmand wetland. Based on the Projection of the General Circulation models (GCMs), in the future there is a possibility of increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in Sistan erea. Therefore, based on 5 models and two scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, first the precipitation and temperature values in the period (2020-2040) were calculated and then the hydrological variables were predicted. In order to simulate water level changes in Hamoun Wetland, various scenario of the floods with different return periods in unstable flow mode was performed using HEC-RAS software and flood zoning was calculated as the maximum water depth at any point in Hamoun Wetland. Examination of rainfall and water discharge of Sistan and Helmand rivers showed that most river floods and flooding of wetlands occur annually in the period from February to May. The actual monthly hydrograph flood of the Helmand River (October 2002 to October 2012) showed that the peak of this flood has a return period of about 130 years. Simulation showed that the flooding of the gas pipeline will occur in places located at 20, 30, 68, 80 and 104 km of Dashtak crossroads and especially in the location of Shila waterway and the water depth varies between 1.5 to 5 meters. Therefore, in the above-mentioned places, the necessary measures should be taken to prevent the gas pipe from floating.

Dear Editor‑in‑Chief,Value‑based education is known as one of the affecting factors of professional dignity of medical practitioners, as well as their informed decision‑making in critical clinical settings. Critical situations are the best opportunities to convey professional and moral practice and also the most difficult .

The current COVID-19 pandemic impose many challenges including maintain educational programs delivery obstacles. The aim of this study was to investigate orthopedics residents’ opinion towards using online methods to sustain medical education.

A cross sectional study applying an 8-item questionnaire was performed to investigate 150 Iranian residents’ attitudes towards online medical learning programs.

One-hundred thirty two residents (88%) replied back the questionnaire. 89% of the participants reported they use online methods; most frequent method was online webinars by 84%. They frequently used Skyroom (76%) to take part in the educational events. Satisfaction rate for webinar was reported as well as 8.2. Weak internet connection and speed was the main problem reported by the participants. 91.8% of the residents supposed continuing the online education would be useful.

Orthopedic residents believed that Online educating programs would be favorable and useful to continue after the current pandemic.

Identifying the permeable zones in Dare-h-Zar copper mining area in Sirjan using time series analysis of the precipitation and groundwater level Introduction The Dareh-zar copper mining area is located approximately 50 km northwest of Sirjan and 10 km south of Sarcheshmeh copper mine in Kerman province. The general direction of the groundwater flow is approximately from north to the south. Without groundwater pumping in the mining area, temporal variations of the groundwater levels were dependent only on the rainfall and the river’s discharge fluctuations. Matherials and Methods In this research, the time series analysis of the precipitation and the water table has been performed to determine their relationship. In order to prepare the water table and precipitation data, the components of the trends were identified and then deleted for the calculation of time series in the frequency domain. Also, for preliminary study of the location of permeable zones in the hard rock layers, the three-dimensional graphical model of permeable zone has been drawn based on the geo-statistical method using ROCKWORK software. Discussion of Results In the time series of the groundwater levels, a dominant decreasing linear trends were recognized during the period of 2014-2017. After de-trending the time series of rainfall and water table, using autocorrelation functions, a seasonal trend with a period of 12 months was recognized in the data, which was due to the annual changes in climatic conditions. According to the time series analysis, the time lags between the precipitation and the groundwater levels vary between 1 and 2 months. The time lags have been increased to one year in the southeastern of the mining pit. It is probbaly resulted from a zone with very low permeability. The lag time of impact response functions (IRF) for water table in the observation wells (in related to the spatial variations of hydraulic head) were plotted versus the direct distance between the wells. In general, the lag time is expected to be increased with increasing spatial spacing between wells, while in the study area there was no strong relationship between the lag time and the direct distance. In fact, the IRF of the water table to variations of the hydraulic head in the hard rock aquifer of study area (unlike to alluvial aquifers) was not dependent on the distance between the observation wells. So hydraulic connectivity was probably through high-permeability zones in the study area.  The north and south area of the pit show the lowest lag time with the maximum number of lag times less than 1 month. Therefore, high-permeability zones were probably located in the north and south of the pit. It was confirmed by three-dimensional model (fence diagram) of lithology showing the locations of the seepage faces and permeable zones in the area. Conclusions The northern and southern parts of the pit are suitable places for drilling wells for dewatering plan of the mining area. Finally, three-dimensional model and fence diagram of the lithology showed that a permeable zone has been extended in elevation 2500 to 2600 m above sea level. The locations exactly correspond to the seepage faces level in the mine pit. Keywords: Groundwater, Time series analysis, lag time, water table.

The Bazman volcano in the southeast of Iran is considered to be a dormant volcano. To study the hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry, sixteen water samples were collected from the thermal and cold springs. Temperature of the cold springs range from 28.1 to 36.6 C while mean temperature of the thermal spring waters is ~42 C. Generally, the salinity values of the water samples vary from 1102 in the cold spring to 10250 µS/cm in the thermal springs. The water samples are categorized into three types: Cl -Na, Cl-HCO3-Na-and SO4-Na. The composition values of δ2H and δ18O in the thermal springs were resulted from water-rock interaction or underground evaporation in the deep depths. Since the thermal springs have a different temperatures but similar chloride content, it seems that a conductive cooling mechanism is occurring in the geothermal system. Based on the geothermometry results, the equilibrium temperature of the deep reservoir estimated from ~120 to 145 C. The fraction of the cold water mixed with the warm water ascending is estimated to be ~0.94. Finally, the depth of thermal water circulation is estimated to ranging from 1.9 to 3 km under two different scenarios.

Hydrochemistry and quality of the groundwater resources in the Hassanabad-Dehchahe plain were studied. According to the hydrograph of plain, water table was decreased about five meters during the statistical period of 13 years (2005-2017) and groundwater flow direction was from the west toward the northeast and the east. The iso-EC map showed a degradation of the water quality in the north and northwest of the study area while the groundwater quality was fairly good in the south of the region. According to the Schoeller diagram, except in one well, other groundwater samples were acceptable for drinking in the study area. Also, Wilcox diagram showed, most of the samples had fair quality for irrigation used. The mineral saturation indices shown, most of the groundwater samples were undersaturated with respect to anhydrite, gypsum and halite, and the groundwater tends to dissolve these three minerals and this affects on the groundwater chemistry. Ions ratio showed concentration of Ca and Mg is higher than bicarbonate while increasing sulfate can be due to the dissolution of sulfate minerals and reduction of Ca was due to direct cation exchange, dolomitization and or deposition of calcite. Highest salinity in the groundwater of study area were found in the dug wells. This resulted from evaporation effect on irrigation water and groundwater that confirmed by stable isotopes 2H and 18O approach. Increasing of the salinity in the groundwater had a good correlation with decreasing in the water table in the study area. Water table decreased due to low precipitation and over exploitation of the groundwater. Therefore, low rainfall, higher residence time of groundwater in the depths were caused the EC of discharged groundwater increased during time. Finally, research shows that a brackish water intrusion is happing into the freshwater aquifer as a result of high groundwater extraction.

The Golegohar mine area is located 53 km southwest of Sirjan city, Kerman province, Iran. The mine is one of the largest open-pit mines in the country. Due to exploitation, the pit floor level is below the water table. Current dewatering operation is going on by groundwater pumping in digging wells in or out of the pit to prevent flooding. Until now, discharged water and tailings have been disposed near pit without proper environmental safeguards. These waters are in contact with minerals containing heavy metals and it may dissolve or suspend them. Therefore, a tailings dam, constructed with environmental standards, has been proposed to address this problem. So the groundwater pollution plume is studied using FEFLOW software. The results of the sorption isotherm tests for Ni, Cu, and Co show good agreement with the Liner and Freundlich models. Moreover, the plot of Kd for every single solution concentration indicates that the Kd is increasing with Cu concentration while it is decreasing for other metals. Examining the isotherms indicate that Ni and Co behave similarly, while the Cu behavior is different despite equal initial molar concentrations. This implies that the sorption of Cu is higher than Co and Ni. Flow and mass transport simulation in the groundwater of area show due to the dewatering, a capture zone has been developed near the pit. So groundwater pollution plume moves toward the pit and contamination migration (advection) has been prevented to other area. In addition to results of mass transport simulation in the tailings dam show that due to low material permeability and hydraulic gradient in the aquifer, the retention time of the groundwater pollution plume will be long.

In recent years, rising water table has been reported in many cities of the world. Groundwater and engineering structures are interconnected; therefore, water table fluctuations in these areas can affect structures. Mashhad city is one of the major metropolises in Iran and due to indigenous population and tourists, it needs various resources to supply water. The city water needs are supplied from the Mashhad aquifer, Dousti dam and other catchment areas. The water table uplift in Mashhad city created a problem when commercial and residential complexes with a depth of more than 20 meters of excavation with the arrival of significant amounts of water to the lower classes were encountered. In addition, due to the lack of necessary measures due to the declining groundwater level in the past years; the encroachment on water during the drill of the second metro tunnel has caused serious problems. The lack of full development of drainage systems and municipal sewage networks have led to an increase in rising groundwater levels in some parts of the city. Also, the development of urbanization and the ever-increasing depth of excavation in urban areas may sometimes have impacts on the ground water situation. Therefore, approach of this research is to assess the major factors effecting on the groundwater uplift in Mashhad city. In order to determine the relationship of these factors with water table fluctuations, time series analysis was used in both time and frequency domains. One way is to move up. According to the groundwater hydrograph, a decreasing trend are observed during the years 2005-2009. While, from 2009 to 2014, these fluctuations followed the uptrend. Time series analysis shown, due to existence of impermeable surface in the city, low infiltration of rainfall in the soil and water table depth more than 5m, rainfall and evaporation did not have a tangible impact on the fluctuations in groundwater levels in these areas. The annual expansion of the sewage network and the transfer of wastewater collected to wastewater treatment plants with a lag tome 1 to 2 months have a significant effect on reducing the water table in areas with sewage network; While in areas without sewage network, due to the penetration of water from septic wells into ground water, it increases the level of water in these areas. The arrival of more than 800 million cubic meters of water from the Dousti dam and reduction of more than 40 percent of discharged groundwater in Mashahd aquifer with lag time 1 to 2 months, are the most influential factors in groundwater uplift. The lack of development of sewage networks in the southern regions and some parts of central Mashhad city has led to an increase in groundwater levels in these areas. Due to the extraction of soil from saturated and unsaturated zones during the drilling of the 2nd line of metro and the development of excavation and construction of civil engineering projects in the city's central area, especially around the Imam Reza's holy shrine, soil porosity has been decreased. This porosity was previously filled with water. But they are now occupied by impenetrable materials. Therefore, the water has been forced to migrate to other places. The aim of this research is to assess the major factors affecting on the groundwater uplift in Mashhad city, Iran. In order to determine the relationship of these factors with water table fluctuations, time series analysis was used in both time and frequency domains. Results show lag times between water table with rainfall/evaporation, transferred water (Dousti Dam) to the town, discharged water from aquifer, expansion of sewage network in region with network and region without network were 9, 2-3, 3-4, 1-2, 3-4, 2-3 and 3-4 months respectively. In this study a calculated drawdown by exploitation from aquifer equals 0.5 m, the calculated rising equals 0.44 m due to transferred water from Dousti Dam, the expected groundwater rising equals 2.7 m in region without sewage network and an expected drawdown equals 1 m (if no water was transferred from Dousti dam). Also, effects of excavation in line 2 of subway and urban foundation digging on the groundwater and soil properties were studied. Results show that the water storage capacity in saturated/unsaturated zones have been reduced and water table raised about 1.25 m in the town aquifer.

Attitude towards death is one of the most important factors affecting the ethics of care of health professionals. Because of their job nature, nurses are the first group to spend the most time with sick and overweight patients. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of nurses in intensive care units to death.

In this descriptive-cross sectional study in 2018, all nurses working in ICUs in Golestan University of Medical Sciences were studied in a census (156 subjects). The Wong’s et al questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software 16 and descriptive and analytic tests (linear regression).

77.6% (121 persons) were female, 92.3% (144 persons) with a bachelor's degree and mean age 32.33±7.08, and 4.50±4.06 years in the intensive care unit. The mean and standard deviation of total attitude toward death (150.89±23.59) were in the areas of fear of death (33.64±7.47), avoidance of death (21.22±6.57), neutral acceptance (27.41±3.54), active admission (49.48±9.26) and admission with inertia (19.13±6.76). Ethical Considerations: After expressing the goals of the study, the informed consent of the participants and the confidentiality of the information were assured to them.

The findings indicate that the nurses had a neutral or active attitude towards death as it seems that nurses in intensive care units often encounter dying patients and their families during their clinical work. In forming such a positive attitude, death has not been ineffective.

This research investigates the contamination of trace elements, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and corrosive potential in the groundwater of south and southwest of Sirjan city, Kerman province, Iran. Therefore, 115 groundwater samples were collected for Hydrochemical analysis from Sirjan city area, Kheirabad salt playa area, Chahderaz plain, Golegohar mining area, Ghatarbaneh-Eynolbaghar plains and Marg salt playa in July 2016. In descending order, the mean values of minor ions and trace elements are such as: NO3 > B > NH4 > As > Mn > Ba > Cr > NO2 > Cu > Pb > Cd. Generally, the concentration of elements and ions in the groundwater of Chahderaz plain and Marg salt playa is above the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) values for drinking water according to WHO. Also, Cd, B and As have concentration more than MAC in total groundwater samples. Chromium in all of the groundwater samples except in Sirjan city samples have concentrations more than maximum admissible concentration. Moreover, Pb in groundwater of Kheirabad salt playa and Chahderaz plain shows a groundwater contamination. While concentrations of Cu, Ba, NO2, and Sb in all of the area are less than MAC. The evaluation indices showed spots in a high-risk level observed in Golegohar mining area, Chahdereaz plain, KH1, and KH2 from Kheirabad playa and KM1 and KM7 from Marg playa area. Finally, according to Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), most of the groundwater samples are corrosive in this area. Therefore, in the processing plant, corrosive process control of groundwater should be accompanied.

Independence in going to toilet, controlling urination and bowel movements, is one of the most important developmental stages for children and an important educational process for parents. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of mothers with the training of dry and urinary control in toddlers.
In this qualitative research (1397), 26 mothers with a child aged 3 to 5 years were enrolled using purposeful sampling with maximum variation. For collecting data, semi structured interviews and open-ended responses to mother's experiences of toilet training were used. The research environment was proportional to the qualitative research, the building of the health center. Interviews were recorded, handwritten and analyzed according to the method of "Content Quality Analysis".
The age range for mothers to start toilet training was two years and one month.
The decision to start toilet training has been on the advice of people around you or by finding out about the signs of being ready for children. The procedures used in the pediatric urinary training were "spoken and persuaded, repeated reminders, encouragement, punishment, and the use of various teaching aids." Fear of toilet, stinging with parents, fear of the appearance of urine and feces were among other things that the participants referred to.
This study made it possible to gain a better understanding of the experiences of mothers in toilet training. The dominant or prominent pattern in teaching children was not identified.   It seems that all mothers need education about toilet training for their children.

In this research, a sequential Gaussian simulation method has been used to determine the permeable zones in the hard-rock aquifer of the Gohr-Zamin open pit mine. For this purpose, 4946 RQD data from eighty-seven exploratory boreholes was used and exploratory-spatial data analysis of these data was performed using the preliminary statistics, location maps, histograms and variograms. Results of preliminary statistics show that this variable has not a normal distribution and that the statistical parameters are not significantly affected considering the declustering weights. The RQD data was transformed to a normal distribution with a Gaussian transform. In the next step, the omnidirectional/directional experimental variograms of RQD data were calculated and modeled using the standard models. Three directions of (1) Azimuth 0-Dip 0, (2) Azimuth 90- Dip 0 and (3) Dip 90 show the best spatial continuity. These variograms were combined together in a one single model. The highest spatial continuity is in the east-west direction compared to the other two directions. Finally, the sequential Gaussian simulation of RQD variable was performed using the 3D modeled variogram and normalized data. A probability map was generated using the results of 100 simultaions. Results show that the southeastern, southwest, and western parts of the mine pit are the best places for drilling new pumping wells. Gohar-Zamin iron ore mine is located in 50 km southwest of Sirjan city in Kerman province. Due to the tectonic condition, fracture and fissure in the hard-rock aquifer of area, the groundwater has been concentrated on the pit mine. Therefore, identifying the permeable zones is essential to mine dewatering process. In this research, ISATIS software has been used to sequential Gaussian geostatistical simulation. The exploratory-spatial data analysis was performed including preliminary statistics, location map, histogram and variograms of RQD values. Then the cell declustring method is used to decluster the RQD variable. Moreover, Gaussian transform method is applied to data normalization. In order to investigate the spatial continuity of the RQD variable, the omnidirectional and directional variograms were generated. Finally, sequential Gaussian simulation as well as simulation uncertainty analysis have been performed using three-dimensional variograms of the RQD normal values. It is clear from the indicator maps that high RQD values are concentrated in the south of pit and deeper levels. It is influenced by the shape of the iron ore deposit. According to the value of skewness and kurtosis coefficients of RQD, it seems that this variable do not has the normal distribution. The 3D variogram on the XY, XZ and YZ planes indicate (a) lower spatial continuity in the north-south direction relative to the east-west direction, (b) spatial continuity in the eastern-western axis is greater than the Z axis and (c) spatial continuity in the Y direction is greater than the Z direction. The final floor level in the pit is very important for designing and determining the position of pumping wells to dewatering process. Therefore, results of 100 simulations were overplayed. The mean values of simulations calculated from the final floor level in the pit to the top of hard-rock aquifer. It was observed that at each elevation, minimum of RQD were concentrated in certain regions. These maps can be used to determine the high permeable zone.
Also, two main strike-slip faults with an almost NW-SE and E-W trend, pass through the southern part of pit. These fults and crush zones are located almost in the same direction. According to the results of study, the RQD variable does not follow the standard distribution and declustering weight on the data did not have much effect on the mean value. It indicats a fairly uniform distribution of RQD data in the study area. Omindirectional and directional variograms of the RQD variable (normal values) showed that this variable has good spatial continuity. Moreover, the three-dimensional variogram of the RQD indicated that the E-W direction has the highest spatial continuity relative to the two N-S and Z directions. While, the spatial continuity in the N-S direction is more than the spatial continuity in Z direction. Results showed two straight-slip faults with NW-SE and E-W trends are located in the south of pit and These have important role in greating the crushed and permeable zones. Sequential Gaussian simulation and uncertainty maps in various parts of the pit showed that regions of southeast, southwest, and west of the pit have the highest probability is the low RQD and the high permeability.