فهرست مطالب reza rostami

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global rise in sleep disorders, serving as a critical indicator of societal mental health. This study aims to examine the trends in health information searches related to sleep disorders during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, comparing these trends with the same period two years prior.

This descriptive study analyzed the internet search behavior of Iranians seeking health information between 2017 and 2022. Data were collected on sleep disorder-related searches during the initial seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran using Google Trends. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the volume and percentage of searches related to sleep disorders during the pandemic with those in the corresponding periods of the previous years. Additionally, Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between the daily trends in COVID-19-related deaths and the volume of internet searches concerning sleep disorders.

The volume of searches related to sleep disorders significantly increased (p<0.001) during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran compared to the same period in the two preceding years. These searches initially exhibited an upward trend, followed by a decline, eventually stabilizing. A strong (r = 0.8) and significant (p<0.05) correlation was observed between the number of sleep disorder-related searches and the number of COVID-19-related deaths during the early months of the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a marked increase in searches for information on sleep disorders, potentially driven by heightened anxiety and lifestyle changes during this period.

The objective of this research was to investigate the information search behavior of Iranians on the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine the relationship between the peak of the disease and the searches performed on the Internet. The purpose of this research was fundamental, and the research method was descriptive. The statistical population is the searches performed by Iranians from February 2020 to April 2022, and the investigated sample was the searched concepts related to anxiety and mental health. The first part of the data consisted of the queries that were extracted from the Google Trends website in December 2022. The second part, which consisted of the daily statistics of death and new infections, was obtained from the Johns Hopkins University website. Python version 3.12 was employed to conduct data analysis, which included the Granger causality test and Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the search for anxiety-related concepts has increased at the beginning of the epidemic. The quantity of searches for anxiety concepts at the beginning of the epidemic is positively and significantly correlated with the number of deaths caused by the disease. Consequently, the quantity of anxiety searches should increase over a period of a few days as the number of deaths increases. These searches diminished as the number of deaths decreased; however, the trend of anxiety searches ceased to be correlated with the number of deaths after a few months. The search for psychological treatment was modest at the onset of the epidemic; however, it increased after nine months, and the number of deaths also increased, prompting an increase in these searches. The results show that internet inquiries can be a useful tool for monitoring community concerns.

Self-control refers to the self-initiated ability to regulate one’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. It plays a crucial role in predicting real-life outcomes. Existing literature highlights self-control as an essential skill that can help individuals achieve their goals and enhance various aspects of their lives.

The present study aimed to determine the impact of three different sports—middle-distance running, chess, and kata—on the self-control of adolescents.

Methods and Materials:

The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of male adolescents aged 13 to 18 in Kermanshah. 48 participants were selected by a purposive sampling method. Subsequently, the sample members were randomly assigned to three intervention groups (middle-distance running, kata, and chess), along with a control group. Before the intervention, a pre-test was conducted. The experimental groups followed specific protocols for each sport over a two-month period, with training sessions held three times a week, each lasting one hour. Post-tests were administered at the end of the intervention, and a follow-up assessment occurred after two weeks. Tthe Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone Self-Control Scale (2004) and a demographic consent form were the research tools.

The study findings indicated significant differences in self-control scores across pre, post, and follow-up time intervals (Wilks’ lambda = 0.311, F(2,43) = 47.65, p < 0.00123). Additionally, there were significant differences in mean self-control scoresamong the four groups (middle-distance running, chess, kata, and control) (Wilks’ lambda = 0.199, F(9,102.37) = 10.70, p < 0.00000148).Specifically, middle-distance running demonstrated a significant improvement in self-control among adolescents compared to chess and kata (p ≤ 0.05).

Incorporating sports with specific demands, especially middle-distance running, can be an effective intervention for enhancing self-control among adolescents. Engaging in middle-distance running positively impacts self-control, offering young individualsan avenue to develop this essential skill.

The objective of this research is to analyze psychological development in public policy and sustainable development in Iran. This descriptive-analytical study employs the analysis of data collected through library research to elucidate the topic of the present research.Development is a complex process influenced by multiple indicators. Various theories have been proposed concerning development, each emphasizing specific aspects of the causes and factors contributing to development. These theories have focused on indicators such as geography, politics, international conditions, and others. One of the most crucial dimensions of achieving development, namely the role of psychological factors in the process of public policy formulation in Iran, has been less explored compared to other dimensions of development. Therefore, the present research addresses the role and position of psychological factors in Iran's development as a strong motivator for this investigation within the process of public policy in Iran. The findings indicate that despite the involvement of various individuals and institutions in the process of public policy formulation in our country, there are shortcomings in this area, particularly the minimal emphasis on the psychological approach. In other words, the psychological approach has not been addressed to the same extent as other sociological, political, and cultural approaches in development. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychological development, by fostering reconstructed attitudes, leads to the realization of good governance and development based on desirable policies in Iran.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-pharmacological treatment for drug-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Since the success rate of rTMS treatment is about 50%-55%, it is essential to predict the treatment outcome before starting based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, leading to identifying effective biomarkers and reducing the burden of health care centers. 

To this end, pretreatment EEG data with 19 channels in the resting state from 34 drug-resistant MDD patients were recorded. Then, all patients received 20 sessions of rTMS treatment, and a reduction of at least 50% in the total beck depression inventory (BDI-II) score before and after the rTMS treatment was defined as a reference. In the current study, effective brain connectivity features were determined by the direct directed transfer function (dDTF) method from patients’ pretreatment EEG data in all frequency bands separately. Then, the brain functional connectivity patterns were modeled as graphs by the dDTF method and examined with the local graph theory indices, including degree, out-degree, in-degree, strength, out-strength, in-strength, and betweenness centrality. 

The results indicated that the betweenness centrality index in the Fp2 node and the δ frequency band are the best biomarkers, with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.85 for predicting the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistant MDD patients. 

The proposed method investigated the significant biomarkers that can be used to predict the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistant MDD patients and help clinical decisions.

Due to the one-dimensionality of the existing protocols about the executive function devising task-oriented and diverse interventions grounded in executive functions and evaluating their effectiveness on the reading skills of students with attention-deficit reading disabilities is of paramount importance.

This study aims to design and assess the effectiveness of a program aimed at improving reading skills, specifically focusing on executive functions, for students afflicted with attention-deficit reading disabilities.

This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative elements. In the qualitative phase, a therapeutic intervention designed to enhance reading proficiency was developed based on a systematic review of relevant studies, with input from a panel of nine experts to ensure its validity. The subsequent quantitative phase involves a quasi-experimental design, including pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements with a control group. The study population consists of second and third-grade students with reading disabilities in Tehran who sought assistance from learning disability centers. Using voluntary sampling, 55 students were initially selected, and ultimately, 24 students (12 in each group) were randomly assigned based on stringent entry and exit criteria. The research instruments utilized include the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition, the SNSP-IV grading scale, and the reading assessment. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 25 software.

The mean scores on the reading assessment within the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test phases (p< 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed between the post-test and follow-up phases (p> 0.05).

Based on the findings, it is evident that the developed program can effectively enhance the reading proficiency of students grappling with attention-deficit reading disabilities.

The present study examined the relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and mental disorders.

The sample included 117 toxoplasma-positive volunteers on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Data were collected online using the 71-item abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

According to the results, a) the psychological profile of latent toxoplasmosis patients in the eight clinical scales of MMPI was within the normal range; b) in the male group, ‘duration of infection’ significantly predicted the scores for the four clinical scales of depression, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia; also, ‘age’ predicted the scores for hypochondriasis and schizophrenia in men; c) in the female group, only ‘age’ was able to predict the scores for the scales of hysteria, paranoia, mental weakness, and social deviance; and d) there was no significant difference between male and female groups in any of the clinical scales.

Duration of infection with latent toxoplasmosis was associated with depression, psychopathtic deviation, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia in infected males, but this was not the case for the infected females in any of the clinical scales of the 71-item abbreviated form of MMPI.

Sports performance is an important issue in sports that researches have always sought to identify different methods to improve it. One of the methods that has received special attention in recent years is tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) and its effectiveness in improving sports performance. tDCS changes the activity of brain areas involved in sports performance by stimulating and inhibiting nerve cells and neural plasticity. Researches have used this method in improving sports performance and have been associated with different results. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies conducted in this field. The research method was descriptive and review. In order to collect data, keywords tDCS-sport, sport performance, sport-neuron plasticity, tDCS-neurodoping were searched from Google.scholar, apa.org (Psychinfo) and Elsevier research websites. Then the abstract, results and findings of each article were examined. 16 articles were selected and their results were analyzed. The results of the research showed that the use and effectiveness of tDCS in improving sports performance has a positive role and is associated with improving the performance of not only ordinary people but also athletes. However, the results of review studies and meta-analyses show that heterogeneity in the type of sports activity, sample size, research design, stimulation areas, tDCS protocols and methodological limitations reduce the effect size of improving athletes' performance with tDCS. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies focusing on specific neural sites and specific sports functions of each discipline. In general, from these findings, it can be concluded that tDCS is a safe method without side effects and has a positive effect in improving sports performance of athletes, which requires more research.

Mindfulness and tDCS have been shown to have psychological and physiological effects. However, the effects of using both simultaneously have not yet been fully determined.This study aimed to investigate the effect of a tDCS-mindfulness program on selective attention in skilled badminton players.

Methodsand Materials: 

Thirty-six healthy skilled male badminton players were selected based on the study criteria and divided into three groups: A-tDCS-mindfulness, sham-tDCS-mindfulness, and control (N=12). The research variables were measured using pre-and post-tests. The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated that the data were normal; therefore, the t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test the research hypotheses.

The results showed that A significant difference was observed between the pre-and post-test scores for self-control and emotion regulation in both the A-tDCS and sham-tDCS mindfulness groups. In the between-groups comparison effect, it was also found that there was a significant difference in self-control and emotion regulation, and post-hoc analysis showed that the A-tDCS-mindfulness, sham-tDCS-mindfulness, and control groups had the best SC and ER, respectively.

This study supports the effectiveness of tDCS-mindfulness on self-control and emotion regulation in badminton players. The results also indicate that the simultaneous use of tDCS and mindfulness was more effective than mindfulness alone.

The primary objective of the current study was to examine the correlation between narcissism and the potential for addiction, with shame and attachment pattern serving as mediating factors. This research employs an applied-practical approach, utilizing a descriptive-correlational methodology. The statistical population of the research included all Tehran University students from 2021 to 2022. From this population, 423 individuals were chosen as a sample through available sampling method. During the initial phase, the students completed the following questionnaires of Rizvi Shame Inventory (RSI), Pincus Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Zargar's readiness for addiction, Hazen & Shiver’s attachment style (AAS). Following a one-month interval, 90 individuals were chosen for the second stage of the study.These individuals were assessed using the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rizvi Shame Inventory (RSI) and Barzegar addiction readiness questionnaires. Each participant's vulnerable narcissism score exceeded the average of 85. The statistical software SPSS and AMOS were utilized to analyze the data. According to the findings of the study, the mediating role model comprised of attachment and shame was significantly associated with narcissism and addiction. In general, the results of the present study indicate that comprehending the vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic pathway with addiction requires an awareness of the connection between shame and attachment style. Moreover, this relationship should be taken into account when developing clinical interventions for young adults who are at risk.

The aim of this study was a three-dimensional simulation of the heat and moisture transfer process in food drying operations. A three-dimensional geometric model of carrot slices was used for simulation. The domain was discretized into 1017 tetrahedral elements, with a freedom degree of 30550. Governing differential equations of heat transfer and moisture transfer during the carrot drying process were solved under different drying air temperatures based on the finite element method using the Comsol Multiphysics 3.5 software. The equation was solved by considering the variable engineering properties of carrots. The temperature and moisture profiles were predicted at different drying conditions. In addition, some experiments were performed to obtain the engineering properties of carrot slices, such as bulk and true density and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient during hot air drying at different thicknesses of slices and air temperatures. The predicted data were compared with the experimental data. Results showed that the model can accurately predict the moisture and temperature variation of the sample during the drying process. Prediction accuracy was 99.87 to 99.98 %, and the error was 3.5 to 19 %. Therefore, the developed simulator can be highly accurate for other agricultural products with similar engineering properties

In 2014, about 600 million people worldwide were obese, representing a 100 percent increase over the past 25 years. It has been suggested that certain food addictions may be a contributing factor to overeating and subsequent obesity. Food addiction is a controversial issue that, despite its many commonalities with the use of substances such as tobacco and alcohol, as well as the similarities with gambling behavioral addiction listed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is still officially It is not recognized as a disorder. Proponents of the food addiction hypothesis believe that some low-energy, high-nutrition foods (or ingredients such as salt, sugar, and fat) can cause addiction in those who consume them. People with addictive eating behaviors get most of their energy from high-energy, packaged, and processed foods, and research-based evidence has shown biochemical and behavioral similarities between binge eating and psychotropic dependence. . Foods that have the potential to cause addiction include sugary foods, carbohydrates, fatty foods, sweet and fatty and processed foods, fast foods as well as foods high in salt. The growing use of fast foods is a concern for experts in this field, as it can lead to obesity and disease. Salt, sugar and fat added to food create a taste that increases people's desire to consume these foods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model on the level of mental health of women with breast cancer.

The current study is a randomized controlled clinical trial with pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The present study was an applied study and the research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included patients with breast cancer referred to the specialized clinic of breast diseases in Mashhad. Among them, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instrument was depression, anxiety and stress scale. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software.

The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the linear combination of depression, anxiety and stress subscales (Wickels lambda = 0.30, F =17.73, p <0.05). The results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that the adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model has significantly reduced depression, anxiety and stress in women with breast cancer (P<0.001) and the effect size of the group on these variables was 65, 33 and 54, respectively.

The adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model improved the level of mental health in women with breast cancer by creating spiritual, psychological, social, emotional and physical adaptation.

The problem of addiction potential experienced by young adults is usually accompanied by narcissistic personality traits. Research has confirmed two distinct forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Meanwhile, shame as the main emotion and attachment style plays an essential role in these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing research on addiction potential and the role of narcissistic factors, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. Using the Google Scholar database, key words such as Addiction Potential, Narcissism, Shame and Attachment Style were searched. PubMed was searched for Addiction, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, shame, and Attachment Styles. All time periods were used for this review and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted based on the criteria.

The results showed that in some studies, a significant relationship was observed among potential for addiction, narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns; in some other studies, potential for addiction was predictable through narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns.
In general, we can conclude that addiction is a big problem that is affecting many societies today, by identifying how these factors are formed in children and development paths affecting it, a big step can be taken in the direction of educating parents and communities.

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine may have different effects on cerebral O2 saturation when used to treat intraoperative hypotension. The present study aimed to evaluate these effects on cerebral O2 saturation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during heart surgeries.

The current randomized clinical trial enrolled 114 adult patients, 90 of whom were eligible for randomization into 3 groups (each=30) receiving epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine if they experienced hypotension (mean arterial pressure [MAP]<60 mm Hg) during surgery. Cerebral oximetry as the primary outcome, hemodynamic parameters, consisting of heart rate, MAP, and arterial blood gas (ABG), and lactate levels were recorded prior to surgery and 120, 150, and 180 seconds after vasopressor administration during CPB.

The 3 study groups were similar regarding demographic variables. Hemodynamic parameters, including ABG, and lactate levels showed no statistically significant differences between the groups (P>0.05). Additionally, cerebral O2 saturation at baseline and 120, 150, and 180 seconds after vasopressor administration was not statistically different between the 3 groups (P>0.05).

The administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or phenylephrine in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB support yielded no statistically significant differences in clinical and hemodynamic parameters.

Attention plays a vital role in education. Children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from impairing levels of inattention. ADHD is a relatively common childhood disorder (Scahill & Schwab-Stone, 2000), which, if left untreated, results in adverse consequences (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This necessitates employing attention-training methods, such as neurofeedback training (NFT). But although conventional, NFT is expensive and time-consuming; therefore, the need for finding other methods is felt. The total physical response (TPR) method can provide a suitable venue for teaching young learners with ADHD (Nunan, 2011). Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of NFT and TPR on ADHD young learners’ attention. To do so, 16 students with ADHD were selected from a school in Shahryar. They were randomly assigned to NFT and TPR groups, receiving these treatments for twenty sessions, respectively. The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA+Plus) was used as the pre- and post-test to measure full, auditory, and visual attention. To answer the research questions investigating the comparative effects of NFT and TPR on ADHD young learners’ attention, non-parametric one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted. Moreover, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to explore within-group differences. The results indicated significant improvements for both groups. Nevertheless, NFT was found to be more effective regarding full and auditory attention. Concerning visual attention, both treatments were similarly effective. The findings suggest both treatments can improve participants’ attention. The study has implications for education by shedding light on attention-training methods.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the mediating role of self-regulation processes in the relationship between perceived stress, depression, shame, and remorse in patients with psoriasis and healthy individuals. This research has a practical orientation and employs a quantitative correlational methodology. It’s statistical demographic included all psoriasis patients and healthy patients referred to the follow-up skin clinic at Tehran’s Razi Hospital in 2016. Available sampling was used to select 168 patients (85 males and 83 females) and 121 healthy patients' companions (22 males and 99 females). The following questionnaires were completed: Integrative Self- Knowledge (ISK), Self-Control (SCS), Consciousness (MAAS), Perceived Stress (PSS), and Depression Scale (MMPI). The data were analyzed using SPSS-22. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient, adjusted hierarchical regression, and the T-test. Integrated self-knowledge and shame were found to be greater in patients’ companions than in psoriasis patients. In contrast, anxiety and depression were more prevalent in psoriasis patients than in their healthy counterparts.Integrated self-knowledge was also found to moderate the relationship between perceived stress, depression, and shame. Therefore, it is essential that mental health professionals, educational institutions, and parents cultivate the process of self-regulation in individuals.Keywords: Depression, Perceived Stress, Psoriasis, Shame, Self-Regulation Process.

The present article is a review with the aim of investigating the effects of exercise and physical activity on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in different populations.

To collect information, articles were first searched using the keywords of “generalizes anxiety disorder”, “sport”, “acute exercise”, “aerobic training”, and “resistance training”. The research was conducted between 2015 and 2020, and the databases used included Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer. Finally, 12 articles met the standard and set criteria and were selected. After selecting the articles, the information related to each extracted article was reviewed using a specific checklist and in summary form.

The types of aerobic and strength training used to improve GAD in different people have had positive results (including improvement of sleep and personality and improvement of anxiety disorders). Research also shows that the mechanisms that cause exercise to have such effects are a combination of biological and psychological factors.

Physical activity while reducing the symptoms and complications of mental illness can act as an effective treatment and even prevention for anxiety disorders such as GAD.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation protocol based on multidimensional model on the level of spiritual and social health of women with breast cancer. The present study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The present study was an applied study and the research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included patients with breast cancer referred to the specialized clinic of breast diseases in Mashhad. Among them, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in adaptation improvement protocol and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments were spiritual well-being questionnaire and social health questionnaire. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the adjustment protocol based on the multidimensional model significantly increased the spiritual and social health of women with breast cancer (P <0.001). Multidimensional modeling adaptation protocol improved the level of spiritual and social health in women with breast cancer by creating spiritual, psychological, social, emotional and physical adaptation.Keywords: Adaptation, Spiritual health, Social health, Breast cancer

Employees' creative ideas are the source of new insights and products that enrich daily life and make a valuable contribution to business development. In other words, employee creativity is the result of interaction between individual and contextual factors with the environment; Also, the source of creativity and innovation is at the intersection between skills and knowledge of the individual and the study of this issue requires the study of internal and environmental triggers in the context of the organizational environment. In this study, which is focused on the role of financial rewards in enhancing the performance of new business/venture ideas in a High Tech ICT Accelerator in China, 168 volunteers employees at this accelerator participated in an empirical experiment. To explore the different interventions of continuous reward allocation in an idea generation process for creating new venture ideas, we defined three forms of maximum, random, and null (control group) types of reward in the experiment. The results of this study show that the allocation of financial rewards improves the performance of idea generation, but also in the lack of reward allocation into the idea generation process reduces creativity and innovation in this field.

Cognitive Training (CT) refers to programs designed to enhance the efficiency of cognitive and brain mechanisms through practice and/or intentional instruction. A highly controversial issue in the field of Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) is its possible transferability to non-trained areas; one untouched discipline is second language (L2) learning. Hence, due to the facilitative role of attention and the predictive strength of working memory in L2 development and comprehension, CCT seems necessary for English language learners. Furthermore, few studies have investigated users’ perceptions of potential improvements in their cognitive functioning. To fill such inherent gaps and overcome the imposed barriers of conducting intervention studies during the COVID-19 pandemic era, this study adopted an interdisciplinary approach to explore English language learners’ self-perceived Far Transfer (FT) effects of Remote Adaptive Multi-Domain Computerized Cognitive Training (RAMCCT) in general cognitive functioning and L2-specific cognitive functioning. Thus, online observations of L2 receptive skills courses (reading and listening) and synchronous semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a convenience sample of 11 intermediate EFL learners who completed eight weeks of RAMCCT. Thematic Analysis (TA) revealed perceived advances in working memory, attention, multitasking, processing speed, hand-eye/ear coordination in general cognitive functioning, and improvements in either one or both of the L2 receptive skills in terms of attention and comprehension and speed. The results are discussed by the corresponding links between attention, working memory, and multitasking, together with the automatization of the core cognitive processes. Implications address game designers, L2 teachers, teacher training programs, and researchers.

This article deals with the place of psychological development in Iran's public policy. The necessity of this issue is because the explanation of a series of psychological factors will determine the reasons for the realization of development policy. The purpose is to explain the indicators of psychological development and in the general policy of development. In the importance of the present discussion, it should be said that value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality play a fundamental role in examining the results of the public policy process in Iran. The question here is what is the place of psychological development in public policy making? The hypothesis states that psychological development by institutionalizing indicators such as value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality in Iran can lead to sustainable development of the country. The theoretical framework, inspired by the theories of psychological renewal, seeks to consolidate the proof of the hypothesis. Therefore, with the help of descriptive and analytical method, the desired indicators have been explained. The results showed that the development of psychological indicators and good governance lead to the realization of general development policies in Iran.

Vasovagal syncope is the most common type of syncope and recurrent syncope attacks can have a profound effect on the patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to predict vasovagal syncope based on the variables of body vigilance and alexithymia.

The present study was a case-control study. The statistical population of the present study included the patients with vasovagal syncope referred to Tehran Heart Center in the year of 1400. Fifty patients with vasovagal syncope and 54 healthy individuals were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection tools included the Body Vigilance Scale and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Data analysis was performed by logistic regression analysis and using SPSS software version 16 at the level of 0.05.

The results of the Hosmer-Lemeshow Test (P-value = 0.255, χ2 = 3.07) showed good model fit. According to the results of logistic regression test, the coefficient estimate for the alexithymia -0.053 and the body vigilance was -0.017.

Based on the results, in the patients with vasovagal syncope, by designing measures based on reducing body vigilance and alexithymia, they can be helped to improve and reduce syncope episode.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general and sports population. The prime objective of the current study was to compare the impact of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

In this study, among the 79 children diagnosed with ADHD, 45 students were randomly selected and divided into three 15-person Sham, control, and experimental groups. All subjects in the Sham and experimental groups received ten sessions of two different types of anodal and sham stimulations over the F3 area and cathode excitation over the Supraorbital (SO) area with 1 mA current for 15 minutes. After ten sessions, each group was re-examined. After 40 days, a follow-up test was performed according to the post-test using the Continuous Performance Test, Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, and Paired Sample t-test was used to test statistical hypotheses (p≤0.05).

The results revealed that applying tDCS is effective in improving the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

The findings of the study indicated that the protocol of applying 1 mA tDCS can improve the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

Spontaneous abortion is one of the most common problems which a woman may encounter during her pregnancy which is one of the most important causes of maternal death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report the epidemiological features of spontaneous abortion in North Africa and the Middle East (NAME) countries.

The study population included 21 countries in the NAME region with a population of more than 600 million. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database was used.  Incidence rates, the prevalence rates, death rates, the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates by age-standardized rate (ASR) per 100,000 people were measured. Also, the attributed burden to iron deficiency was reported.

In 2019, the highest prevalence 39.44 (95% CI, 24.58_ 59.26) and incidence 4794.16
(95% CI, 3491.77_ 6353.03) rates of spontaneous abortion were in Afghanistan.  In 2019, the
highest spontaneous abortion related-death 5.88 (95% CI, 3.23_ 8.97) and DALYs 339.12 (95% CI, 184.29_ 516.95) rates by ASR were in Yemen. In MENA, average prevalence (44.7 to 19.82) and incidence (5434.95 to 2409.61) rates have decreased by nearly 56%, and also average death (1990 4.51 to 2019 0.48) and DALYs (263.15 to 29.37) rates have decreased by nearly 89% between 1990 and 2019. The highest spontaneous abortion-related DALYs rate was attributed to iron deficiency. In 2019, Yemen (29%) had the highest attributed burden to iron deficiency.

This study on 21 countries in the NAME region with a population of more than 600 million showed that average prevalence and incidence rates of spontaneous abortion have decreased by nearly 56%, and also average and the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates have decreased by nearly 89% between 1990 and 2019.