roholah shahnazi

Although the trend of increase in energy consumption has made possible fast economic growth of industrial modern society, but because of combustion pollutants emission and increase in density of carbon dioxide in atmosphere has made irreversible changes in the world. Not only this trend is destroying finite and nonrenewable energies, but also it is releasing numerous of pollutants into the receptive environment (air, water, and soil).
In this article, existence of caus ality relation between energy carrier's consumption with economic growth and carbon dioxide gas emission in sectors of economy (residential, general and commercial, industry, agriculture, and transportation) in period of 1376 to 1391 using causality Toda and Yamamoto has been studied. In order to identify consumption of which energy carrier excites economic growth and carbon dioxide gas emission in each sector or economic policy in which energy carrier for a sector is suitable for that sector without reducing economic growth rate.
In the agriculture sector, results show a unidirectional causality relation of energy carrier consumption to economic growth. In transportation, residential, general and economic sectors existence of bidirectional causality relation of economic growth variable and carbon dioxide gas emission with energy carriers has been verified. In industry sector, a unidirectional causality relation of economic growth to gas, electricity to economic growth and bidirectional causality relation of coal exist. Also, unidirectional causality relation of carbon dioxide emission to oil and bidirectional causality relation carbon dioxide gas emission to other variables except oil exist.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of the new non-Ricardian regime policy in Iranian economy. We detected signs of the non-Ricardian regime from quarterly data of 1369 to 1391. To investigate further a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is designed to estimate the fiscal and monetary parameters using a Bayesian approach. Our results indicated a passive monetary policy and an active fiscal policy presence which are evidence of a new non-Ricardian regime. To prove the robustness of our results, criteria such as posterior odds ratio and impulse response functions are used in this research. Based on posterior odds ratio, Non-Ricardian policy has more ability to describe data than Ricardian policy. According to the impulse response function, in reaction to positive government debt shocks, Non-Ricardian policy implementation is more compatible with the behavior of the Iranian economy than the other.