فهرست مطالب rohollah nikooie

 Exercises are mostly used to control balance and reduce the risk of falling in the elderly. However, the effect of exercise in the frontal plane has been less studied. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of 8 week exercises in the sagittal and frontal planes on the postural sway of elderly men.

 In this quasi-experimental study, 24 elderly males (Mean age: 67.21±1.56 years) were divided into two intervention groups of sagittal-plane and frontal-plane exercises. The exercises were performed for 8 weeks. The center of pressure (CoP) parameters in two groups before and after the intervention were evaluated using a foot scanner system. Finally, the ANCOVA was used for data analysis. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 The results showed a significant decrease in CoP perturbations in the Y-axis at the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and lateral-medial directions in the frontal plane group compared to the sagittal group (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the CoP area after perturbations at the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and lateral-medial directions in the frontal group compared to the sagittal group (P<0.05).

 It seems that exercises in the frontal plane can reduce postural sway in elderly men compared to sagittal-plane exercises. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the exercises of the hip abductor and adductor muscles in the frontal plane in designing exercise protocols for elderly men.

The histone methyltransferase (SMYD1) and the muscle-specific protein (PERM1) play an important role in maintaining cardiac energetics and function. The present study aimed to examine the effect of two types of endurance training (running and swimming) plus MitoQ supplementation on gene expression of PERM1 and SMYD1 plus hemodynamic function in the cardiac muscle of male Wistar rats. The animals underwent MitoQ supplementation or endurance training or endurance training + MitoQ supplementation for eight weeks. Gene expression of PERM1 and SMYD1, measured by Real Time-PCR and quantified by 2-∆∆CT method, and hemodynamic function were compared between groups using two-way multivariate analysis of variance. Cardiac gene expression of PERM1 and SMYD1 increased significantly through running (PERM1, P < 0.05; SMYD1, P < 0.01), swimming (PERM1, P < 0.05; SMYD1, P < 0.05). and MitoQ supplementation (PERM1, P < 0.001). The effects of MitoQ supplementation were additive to both running and swimming effects on cardiac gene expression of (PERM1, P < 0.001; SMYD1, P < 0.05). Swimming-induced enhancement in cardiac expression of PERM1 and SMYD1 was associated with a significant increase in ±dP/dt max (P < 0.05)). Expression of genes involved in cardiac metabolism can be affected by endurance training and this effect could be improved through MitoQ supplementation

Amino acid taurine can increase the utilization of fatty acids and stimulation of lipolysis through augmentation of the expression of genes related to regulation of energy metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of taurine supplement on lipid oxidation and substrate selection during exercise in obese women. 15 obese women (Body weight: 34.53 ± 6.33 (kg), BMI: 33.12 ± 3.23 (kg/m2)) performed a standard incremental test before and after 21 days of taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected before and after the test and breath by breath mesurment of respiratory parameters were done throughout the test. FATmax (as the point at which fat contributes the most to the consumed energy) and Cross over point (as the point at which the predominant fuel changes from fat to carbohydrates, COP) were calculated. Heart rate, workload, and oxygen consumption corresponding to FATmax and COP were determined and compared between attempts before and after supplement consumption using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. Following taurine consumption for 21 days, the changes in serum levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones, maximum oxygen consumption, and time to exhustion during incremental exercise test were significantly higher than before supplement consumption. Nevertjeless, the consumption of supplement had no effect on heart rate, workload and oxygen consumption corresponding to FATmax and COP points. Despite the increase in performance variables during exercise, taurine supplementation has no effect on substrate selection during exercise in obese women.

 hamstring injury is the most common injury in football. Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is one of the best hamstring injury prevention strategies. This study was aims to compare the effect of six weeks of standard NHE and modified NHE on electromyography of hamstring, hip and trunk muscles and sprint performance in young male football players

Methods:

 In this study, participants were 26 male football players in Kerman, Iran who were selected using purposeful and convenience sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups of NHE (Age: 16.31±0.51 years, Height: 173.08±5.15 cm, weight: 59.85±5.71 kg) and modified NHE (Age: 16.41±0.54 years, Height: 173±6.84 cm, weigh: 64.20±8.76 kg). Sprint performance was measured by the 20-meter sprint test, and muscles activity was measured by electromyography. Repeated-measure analysis of variance was used for data analysis.

 In the modified NHE group, there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest phases in the electrical activity of biceps femoris (P=0.001), semitendinosus (P=0.001), gluteus maximus (P=0.016) and erector spinae muscles (P=0.001). In the NHE group, although the activity of muscles increased by 13% in the biceps femoris, 11% in the Semitendinosus, 9% in the gluteus maximus and 4% in erector spinae muscles, the difference was significant only in the biceps femoris (P=0.001) and Semitendinosus (P=0.024). The results also showed a significant difference between the two groups in electrical activity of biceps femoris (P=0.021), semitendinosus (P=0.046) and erector spinae muscles (P=0.039). 

 Both standard and modified NHE are effective in preventing hamstring injury by increasing the electrical activity of the Biceps femoris and Semitendinosus, but the modified NHE is more effective in prevention of injury by changing the parameters of NHE and increasing the training load.

Identifying effective factors in the performance of karate athletes to design better training programs is one of the most important goals of trainers. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to determine the relative contribution of physical fitness factors in the success of Shotokan-style kataros in Kerman. 14 Shotokan style young men, all of whom had national medals, were purposefully selected and based on an official competition (led by the researcher) and the number of medals won in the last year, they were divided into two successful groups (n=5) and Failed (n=9) were divided. Each subject participated in this research for three sessions. The first session included filling out a questionnaire, measuring body composition, measuring leg and paw strength, and trunk muscle endurance. The second session included measurement of flexibility, agility and anaerobic power tests, and the third session included measurement of balance, speed and aerobic power. To compare factors between successful and unsuccessful groups, Student's t-test was used and to determine whether group membership is possible based on physical factors or not, diagnostic regression analysis was used. The results showed that muscle endurance factor (shoulder girdle) (P<0.5), muscle endurance (abdominal) (P<0.5) and dynamic balance factor (P<0.5) between successful and Failed had a significant difference. Together, these factors defined 39% of the variance changes in group performance and correctly predicted group membership in 76% of cases. In general, the results of this research showed that upper body muscular endurance and dynamic balance are physical factors that define success in Shotokan style kataro. Therefore, emphasizing on the improvement of these physical fitness factors is recommended to coaches and athletes of this style.

The purpose of the present study was to review the various methods, invasive and non-invasive, used to determine the anaerobic threshold (AT).  AT is the highest training intensity at which energy requirements of exercise are mainly provided by aerobic energy system, and the rate of lactate appearance in the blood is equal to the rate of its disappearance.  Since AT occurrence is associated with aerobic to anaerobic transition, it has a significant contribution to precise exercise prescription, determination of exercise intensity domains, and prediction of performance especially in endurance athletes. Direct measurement of blood lactate is the most accurate method to determine AT, but it has an invasive, expensive nature, and exposes the subject to the risk of blood sampling. As a result, other non-invasive methods that mainly use heart rate and workload relationship or changes in respiratory indexes such as oxygen and carbon dioxide equivalent, have been considered to determine AT. Meanwhile, the traditional method of AT determination usually uses two-phase models (one turn point). While recent researches prefer three-phase models (two turn points) which provide better estimation of training domains compared to those offered by two-phase models. Therefore, the present study intends to review the most common methods of AT determination and their pros and cons in the form of two- and three-phase models.

Background & Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is a non-glycosylated polypeptide produced by macrophages and involved in various physiological processes including glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on changes in serum levels of FGF1 and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic women. 22 diabetic women were randomly divided into control (n=10) and trained (n=12) groups. The trained group performed eight weeks of endurance training at intensity ranged from 65 to 80% of maximum heart rate for 30-45 minutes.  Blood samples were taken before the training protocol and 48 hours following the last exercise session. Serum FGF1 and plasma insulin were measured by ELISA technique and plasma glucose levels was measured by glucose oxidase method, and compared between the groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The relationship between variables was measured by Pearson correlation test. The results showed that endurance training significantly increases serum FGF1 levels (P<0.01) and decreases plasma insulin (P<0.01), glucose (P=0.01) and HOMA-IR (P<0.01). Meanwhile, a significant correlation was found between the changes in FGF1 with both plasma insulin (P=0.02) and insulin resistance (P=0.05) at the end of the study. 37.2% of serum HOMA IR changes could be predicted with the changes in FGF1 serum levels. In sum, the results showed that FGF1 could be effected by chronic endurance training and beneficial effects of endurance training in diabetes, at least in part, is mediated by changes in serum FGF1 levels.

Autophagy is lysosomal degradation pathway that contributes to tumor development through metabolic support, especially at final stages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks endurance training on autophagy-related gene expression levels in tumors of breast cancer-bearing BALB/c mice.

Twenty-two female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control (n= 11) and experimental (n= 11) groups. Breast cancer was induced by injecting MC4-L2 cancer cells into the right dorsal mammary fat pad. The experimental group underwent training protocol for 12 weeks. Expression levels of autophagy-related genes were measured by real-time PCR and quantified bymethod. Data analysis was done applying Student t-test.

Endurance training led to significant decrease in tumor weight (P= 0.038) and volume (P= 0.043) in experimental group compared to the control group. Expression levels of Beclin1 (11%), Atg7 (53%), p62 (37%), gabarapl (76%), LC3-I (35%), and LC3-II (62%) in tumors of experimental group were lower compared to the controls. In addition, training protocol resulted in a decrease in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (42%) and increase in p62 expression level (157%) (all P< 0.05).

Endurance training-induced reduction in tumor weight and volume was coincided with substantial reduction in expression levels of autophagy-related genes. This may suggest that beneficial effects of endurance training in breast cancer, at least in part, could be mediated through suppression of autophagy process in solid tumors.

Optimization of positive effects of exogenous supplements on sports performance is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the Synergistic effectof L-carnitine and caffeine supplements on physiological variables corresponding to anaerobic threshold (AT) in Kerman karate men.

Fifteen elite karate athletes performed a progressive standard test following placebo (250 mg Lactose), caffeine (5 mg/kg), L-carnitine (3 g), and caffeine and L-carnitine (5 mg/kg, 3 g) consumption in four sessions separated by one-week intervals. Blood sample was collected before supplement consumption and immediately after exercise. Respiratory gases were measured throughout the test. Heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to AT were determined, and compared among trials by repeated measures analysis of variance.

End test values of plasma fatty acid (FFA) and its changes during exercise in caffeine and combined trial were significantly higher than those values in the control trial (both p <0.05), but plasma triglyceride levels were not significantly different between trials. The workload and oxygen (O2) corresponding to AT were significantly higher in the caffeine and combined trials compared to the values found in the control trials (all p <0.05). There was no significant difference regarding other variables among trials. Simultaneous consumption of caffeine and L-carnitine improved the values of O2 (11 vs. 17%) and workload (12 vs. 21) corresponding to AT compared to caffeine consumption alone, although there was no significant difference between groups.

Caffeine consumption can improve endurance performance through increasing fatty acid availability and this effect could be exacerbated by simultaneous consumption of L-carnitine.

Decline in catecholamine levels is an effective factor in occurrence of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of 12-week aerobic training, yoga and omega-3 consumption on hyperactivity and urine catecholamine levels in 7-11 years old hyperactive students. 43 students were randomly assigned to healthy control (n=8), HDAD control (n=9), HDAD omega-3 (n=9), HDAD exercise (n=9), HDAD exercise+omega-3 (n=9) groups. Exercise groups performed 12 weeks of aerobic and yoga training (Every week for long five 60-minute sessions) and supplementation groups consumed omega-3 supplement (1200 mg). Urine epinephrine and norepinephrine levels and degree of hyperactivity were measured before and after the study, and were compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). At the beginning of the study, the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the HDAD control group were significantly lower than the healthy control (P<0.01). At the end of the study, epinephrine levels in the omega-3 group (P<0.01), norepinephrine levels in the exercise group (P<0.01), and both norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in exercise+omega-3 group were significantly higher than the ADHD control group. Post values of hyperactivity in the omega-3 group (P<0.01), exercise group (P<0.01), and exercise+omega-3 group (P<0.01) were significantly lower than the ADHD control group. Post values of hyperactivity in the exercise+omega-3 group were also significantly lower than the exercise group (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present study showed that omega-3 consumption and aerobic training improve hyperactivity with increasing epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, respectively, and simultaneous implementation of these variables exaggerate these beneficial effects.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of coingestion of caffeine and L-carnitine supplements on substrate selection during exercise and its probable effect on endurance performances in elite male karate. Twelve elite athletes performed a progressive standard test following placebo (250 mg Lactose), caffeine (5 mg/kg), l-carnitine (3 g), and caffeine and l-carnitine (5 mg/kg, 3 g) consumption in four sessions separated by one-week interval. Respiratory gases and blood samples were collected before and after exercise. Cross over point (COP), as a point that metabolic substrate changes from fat to carbohydrates, and Fatmax, as a point at which fat has the highest contribution to energy supply, were determined, workload and oxygen consumption corresponding to them were extracted, and compared among trials by repeated measures analysis of variance. Following consumption of caffeine alone and in combined with L-carnitine, the changes in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) during exercise, workload and oxygen consumption corresponding to COP and Fatmax points were significantly higher compared to the control trial (all P < 0.05). The values of these variables in combined trial were significantly higher than those found in the caffeine trial (all P < 0.05). L-carnitine consumption did not induce significant change in these variables compared to the control trial. In sum, Caffeine consumption improves endurance performance through changing substrate selection during exercise toward fat and this effect could be exacerbated by simultaneous consumption of L-carnitine.

HIV‑infected patients with poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence are prone to depression, and depression can exacerbate the disease condition. This study was conducted to determine ART Adherence based on Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model and its association with depression among HIV‑positive patients.

This descriptive–correlational study was carried out on people over the age of 18 years with HIV/AIDS, who referred to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center in Kerman City, Iran, in 2017. In this regard, 119 patients were selected using the table of random numbers. To collect the data, we used the Beck’s depressioninventory‑II and the IMB researcher made questionnaire to evaluate the ART adherence.

The results of the study reveal that a significant association was observed between the total adherence and all constructs of the IMB model (P < 0.001). Risk perception and self‑efficacy had the highest mean scores regarding the ART adherence. The prevalence of depression was 71.5% among patients. Information, personal motivation, and total adherence had a significant association with depression.

IMB model was an appropriate and practical strategy with regard to the ART adherence among people living with HIV who are prone to depression and drug consumption is crucial for them to achieve the 90‑90‑90 target. This article created a questionnaire to assist policy‑makers and health professionals designing interventions to improve adherence and health outcomes of ART.

Hormonal variations throughout the menstrual cycle is usually associated with change in exercise performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of menstrual cycle phases on aerobic performance, substrate selection, and physiological variables corresponding to anaerobic threshold (AT) in active women of Kerman city. 

Twelve active females owning regular menstrual cycle participated in the study. The subjects performed two standard incremental tests at their own middle of follicular or luteal phase until exhaustion. Breath-by-breath respiratory gases were measured throughout the test. AT (abrupt increase in oxygen equivalent (VE/VO2)), cross over point (COP) and Fatmax (using respiratory exchange ratio (RER)) were determined, then heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to them were extracted and compared between menstrual cycle phases using paired sample T-Test.

Estradiol and progesterone levels during luteal phase was significantly higher than those from follicular phases (P < 0.05). The values of oxygen (ml.kg.min) corresponding to AT (follicular: 30.8±3.3, luteal: 34.6±2.1), Fatmax (follicular: 16.2±1.6, luteal: 19.1±1.7), and COP ((follicular: 18±3.3, luteal: 21.8±4.5) were significantly different between the phases (All P < 0.05). COP was occurred during follicular and luteal at 200±72 and 230±67, respectively, and the difference between phases was significant (P < 0.05).

In sum, the results of the present study showed that different values of sexual hormones probably result in improvement in AT and seemingly do this due to change in substrate selection toward fat oxidation at intensities below the AT.

The aim of this study was to investigate the adherence to medication and Physical Activity (PA) among People Living with HIV (PLHIV). In the present cross‑sectional study, 122 PLHIV were selected. The research tools included the Baecke questionnaire and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t test and multiple logistic regression. The results of 7‑ and 30‑day recalls showed that 76.21 and 82.23% of patients had proper medication adherence. The mean score of PA in patients was less than the recommended average score in the questionnaire. Furthermore, there was no significant difference observed between the medication adherence and PA. Although the adherence to medication was appropriate, nurses and health care providers should increase the level of PA for PLHIV by dealing with the related barriers to live an active life.

Manipulating of training variables with the aim to augment muscle metabolic stress could result in muscle hypertrophy.The purpose of the current study was to present a lacto-resistance training method and to compare its effect on rectus femoris muscle hypertrophy with traditional resistance training.

Twenty- four male professional bodybuilders were randomly divided into three groups based on muscle cross-section area: lacto-resistance (n=8), traditional-resistance (n=8) and control (n=8). The comparison of metabolic stress between two types of exercise was done using monitoring blood lactate and urea following squat exercise. Muscle cross-section area and strength were measured by sonography and one repetition maximum (1RM), respectively, before and after 4 weeks of resistance training.  Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate inter – and intra groups differences.

Compared to the baseline values, blood lactate levels significantly increased following squat exercise in both lacto-resistance (10.76±1.35) and traditional–resistance (7.70±1.16) groups, and the changes in blood lactate was significant between two groups (P˂0.05). After 4 weeks of resistance training, the changes in rectus femoris muscle cross-section had a significant difference only in lacto-resistance group in comparison to its own baseline values (P˂0.05) and the control group (P˂0.05). Compared to the baseline values, 1RM measured in squat exercise significantly increased in both experimental groups (P˂0.01), the difference between groups was significant, and lacto-resistance group had higher values than those from the traditional-resistance group (P˂0.05).

Compared to the traditional resistance training, Lacto-resistance training induces a higher metabolic stress and its effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength are more impressive.

Single-leg landing is a common movement in many sports and is known to be an important cause of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury, since some well-known exercises have a beneficial effect on the non-contact injuries. The purpose of the current study was to compare male individuals' selected knee kinematic factors during single leg landing after six weeks of multi-angled isometric exercises on knee joint flexor and extensor muscle groups.
In the present study, 30 males (mean age: 24.82 ± 1.88 y, weight: 78.8 ± 1.08 kg, height: 1.87 ± 0.05 m) were objectively selected. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of isometrics (n=15) and controls (n=15). Prior to and six weeks after the exercises (3 sessions per week), at the same time and place, the single-leg landing motion was recorded by the motion analysis system, and using MATLAB software the values ​​of knee valgus, knee flexion, and tibia rotation were evaluated. During the research period, the control group did not have any therapeutic intervention program. The results of the study were analyzed using covariance analysis.
The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the valgus angle after training (P=0.029), a significant increase in knee flexion angles (P=0.001), and a significant decrease in the angle of tibia rotation (P =0.000)
According to the results, multi-angular isometric exercises have a positive effect on the selected kinematic factors studied in the present study. These factors are important factors in the anterior cruciate ligament injury; therefore, it seems that such exercises can be carried out without the need for certain specialties. These exercises are suggested to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

The aim of present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks resistance training and the supplementation of leucine on protein synthesis in the elderly men with sarcopenia.
A total of 40 elderly men residing in the elderly nursing center were randomly chosen and divided into four groups including Resistance Training and Leucine Supplement (RTLS=10), Resistance Training (RT=10), Leucine Supplement (LS=10), and Control (C=10). Resistance training was performed 8 weeks with intensity training %35-70 of one repetition maximum (1RM) for 20-45 minutes. The group supplement consumed 3 grams of leucine amino acid in every meal. The serum insulin concentration, urine nitrogen, muscle mass, and muscle strength were measured one day before the protocol and 72 hours after the last training session. Ancova was analyzed within and between group changes. Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the difference between every two groups.
Results showed that Urine nitrogen and muscle mass levels increased significantly after 8 weeks of RT compared to the C group (p The results of this study revealed that the muscle protein synthesis increased after resistance training in skeletal muscle. This indicates that the rate of sarcopenia reduced as a result of resistance training. In addition, resistance training along with consuming leucine supplement was effective in improving muscle strength.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on the content of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms (LDHA and LDHB) and isozymes in cerebrospinal fluid of male wistar rats.
Seventeen animals (5 weeks old) were randomly divided into two groups according their body weight: control (C; n = 9) and trained (T; n = 8). The animals from the T group were underwent a training program for 12 weeks (started at 20 m/min for 30 min and finished at 26 m/min for 60 min at the last week). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from cisterna Magna 72 hours after the last exercise session. LDH Isoforms and isozymes were measured by ELISA and Electrophoresis techniques, and the comparisons between groups were evaluated by student t-test.
Both LDHA and LDHB isoforms were found in the CSF of the C group; LDH1 and LDH5 had the highest and lowest content, respectively. Following the twelve-week training protocol, LDHB (p Endurance training is associated with oxidative shift of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms and isozymes in cerebrospinal fluid which could be considered as a prelude to aerobic metabolism of lactate in the brain.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on changes of serum concentration of MIF and its relationship with plasma white blood cells, glucose, and insulin changes in type 2 diabetic women. Twenty-Four subjects (age 55±6.6 years and weight 73±5.1) randomly divided in two groups, including control (n=12) and trained (n=12). Trained group performed eight weeks of endurance training including running at of 55-75% of their heart rate maximum for 40 to 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected before training protocol and 72 hours after the last exercise session. Plasma glucose was measured with glucose oxidase method; Serum MIF and plasma insulin concentration were measured by ELISA method. Difference of variables between groups were evaluated by analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the possible contribution of white blood cells, glucose, and insulin changes to serum MIF changes after training protocol. Compared to the control group, concentration of serum MIF (P=0.03), plasma glucose (P=0.02), plasma insulin (P=0.04), white blood cell population (P=0.002), and HOMA_IR index values (P=0.01) in trained group significantly decreased after eight week of endurance training. Significant correlation was found between the exercise-induced changes in white blood cell population and serum MIF concentration (P=0.05). Sixty-three present of the variance in the changes in serum MIF concentration could be predicted by only the changes in white blood cell population. In summary, long-term endurance training is accompanied by decrease in white blood cell population and these changes could predict the exercise-induced suppression in serum MIF concentration after endurance training.

This aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of zinc supplement and 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and distribution of pancreatic beta cells in diabetic rats. 60 matured male rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control (C), control exercise (CE), diabetic control (D), diabetic zinc (DZ), diabetic exercise (DE) and diabetic exercise zinc (DEZ). After 8 weeks, the rats received deep anesthesia and the pancreas was dissected and processed. Random sections were obtained and the number of pancreatic stained beta cells were counted. Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured in different weeks during the study. Statistical analysis of variance test showed the BGL drastically decreased in DEZ and DZ groups compared with the C, D and CE groups (P

Energy homeostasis during exercise is a complex interaction of neuronal and hormonal inputs that are integrated at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in fat oxidation during acute exercise in male Wistar rats. Thirty animals were randomly divided into three groups: control (C; n = 10), training (T; n = 10) and training CGRP (8-37) (Tࡤ37; n = 10). The animals from T and Tࡤ37 groups performed a single bout of endurance exercise at 26 m/min for 60 min. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected immediately after exercise .The animals from Tࡤ37 group received CGRP (8-37) (an antagonist of CGRP receptor, 10 μg/kg; IP) before endurance exercise. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, FFA, and triglyceride concentrations were measured by ELISA. The difference between groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-hoc test. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum were significantly higher in the animals from T (P

The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of physical and sexual maturation and anthropometric factors on anaerobic power development in 10-18 years old boys. One hundred seventy subjects (16 – 27 subjects from each age ranges of 11-18 years) were participated in this study in two separated sessions. The first session was included the anthropometric measurements and determination of sexual maturation by TANNER scale. In the second session, salivary samples were collected for testosterone measurement and anaerobic power was measured by Wingate test. The differences between age ranges were determined by ANOVA, the relationship between each predictive variable and anaerobic power was determined by second order semi-partial correlation, and multiple analysis of regression was conducted to determine the relative contribution of predictive variables in anaerobic power development. There was a significant difference between age ranges for the relative values of peak and mean anaerobic power (P

None-glucose substrates such as ketone bodies and lactate play an important role in sustaining the brain energy need in diabetes and obesity states. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on lactate transports gene expression in the brain of healthy and diabetic rats. Thirty five eight-weeks-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups; control (n=7), trained (n=8), diabetic control (n=10), and trained diabetic (n=10). Diabetes was induced by the intraperitonealinjection of streptozotocin, and 8weeks ofendurance training was applied on trained groups. Relative gene expression of MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 expression in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellumwere measured by Real-time PCR,and gene expression was quantifiedby 2-∆∆CT method. The differences of variables between groups were tested using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc testwere used to determine wherever significant differences occurred. Diabetes induction increased MCT1 gene expression in the cortex (1.91-fold) and MCT2 in the cortex (1.98 - fold), hippocampus (1.7-fold), and cerebellum (2.52 - fold) in the diabetic control as compared to the control group. There was a significant difference regarding MCT1 gene expression between the diabetic control and the trained diabetic (P<0.05). MCT2 gene expression in the cortex (P<0.05) and cerebellum (P<0.05) were significantly different between the diabetic control and the trained diabetic.Discussion & The results of this study showedthat diabetes and exercise-induced changes in the lactate transporters gene expression were occurred in order to protection of the brain lactate uptake.

The aim of the present study was to investigate TGF-β1 protein expression in gastronomies muscle following high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its concomitant with oxidation of intramuscular triglycerides (ITGM). Forty male Wister rats (8-week-old) were randomly divided into two control (n=8) and trained (n=32) groups. The trained animals performed one session exercise including ten 2-min intervals at intensity corresponding to 90% of their peak speed with one minute of rest between intervals. The 32 rats from trained animals were dissected at time points of immediately, 3, 10 and 24 hours after the training, their middle gastronomies muscle were exited and blood samples were directly collected from the heart. Adipose triglyceride lipase enzyme (ATGL) and TGF-β1 expressions in middle gastronomies were measured by ELISA technique. Between groups differences were studied by One Way ANOVA test. Protein expressions of TGF-β1 and ATGL in the gastronomies muscle of control group were 8.08±1.2 Pg/mg (total protein) and 0.095±0.01 ng/mg (total protein), respectively. Protein expressions of both factors was significantly higher 10 and 24 hours after high interval training in comparison to the control group (P<0.01). The serum level of TGF-β1 in the control group was 98.2±10.5 ng/ml. It reached to 248±21.3 and 180±14.5 ng/ml immediately and 3 hours after HITT, respectively, and was significantly higher in comparison to the control levels (P<0.01). In response to HIIT, TGF-β1 expression in muscle increases parallel with ATGL enzyme levels. Regarding to the role of ATGL in hydrolyzing of intramuscular triglycerides, TGF-β1 is probably an involved factor in regulating of IMTG oxidation after HIIT.

Abstract The aim of present study was to compare of buffering capacities during isocapnic buffering phase between elite endurance and anaerobic competitors and their relationship to aerobic and anaerobic indexes. Fourteen elite cyclist who were either anaerobic (n = 6) or aerobic competitors (n = 8) performed one standard incremental test and a supramaximal exercise test until exhaustion in 2 separated sessions. During incremental test respiratory gases were measured and arterial blood samples were collected for lactate, bicarbonate and pH measurements. Isocapnic buffering phase was defined as the time between lactate threshold and respiratory compensatory threshold. Bicarbonate buffering was identified via Δ[HCO3─]. Δ[PH─] and non-bicarbonate capacity was calculated from [Δ[LA─]. Δ[PH] ─] – [Δ[HCO3─]. Δ[PH─]] formula, respectively. Two independent sample t – test was used for all comparison between groups and the relationship between variables was measured by Person correlation test. Bicarbonate buffering capacity (p < 0.01), isocapnic buffering phase length (p < 0.05) and blood lactate changes during isocapnic buffering phase (p < 0.01) in aerobic competitors were significantly higher than anaerobic group. Significant correlation was found between bicarbonate buffering capacity and VO2max (p < 0.05) and non-bicarbonate buffering capacity and maximum accumulative oxygen deficiency (p< 0.01). Our results indicated that relative contribution of bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffers against lactic acid during isocapnic buffering phase is different between anaerobic and aerobic competitors and can be used for aerobic and anaerobic capacity prediction.