rouhani

In the recent decades, the increase in population, decrease in physical activities and consumption of improper food to fulfill the nutritional need have caused various diseases namely diabetes. The extract from the leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana plant might be employed as a natural sugar substitute. The aim of the present study is to employ ultrasound waves to optimize the extraction process from the leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana and use High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to analyze the extract.
Water, water-methanol mixture, methanol, water-ethanol mixture and ethanol was applied for extraction as solvent. The extraction was carried out by soxhlet and ultrasound waves at various times and power condition according to the official procedures.
The results indicated that water was the most suitable solvent among the solvents employed. The results also showed that the application of ultrasound with power of 90 W for 2 minutes resulted better extraction (811.61 g/mlμ) as compared to the soxhlet method (795.70 g/mlμ).
The present study indicated that ultrasound application might be a suitable, fast and safe method for extraction of Stevioside sweetener from Stevia Rebaudiana.

In the last decades, helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) method became a focus of interest in the fields of mineral exploration, geological mapping, groundwater resource investigation and environmental monitoring. As a standard approach, researchers use 1-D inversion of the acquired HEM data to recover the conductivity/resistivity-depth models. Since the relation between HEM data and model parameters is strongly nonlinear, in the case of dealing with simple 1-D models which the number of model parameters is less than the number of measured data, i.e. overdetermined system, implementation of regularized nonlinear least square methods is a common approach to recover the model parameters. Among the least square methods, Marquardt-Levenberg acts as an integrated optimization algorithm which comprises both the gradient-descent and Gauss-Newton strategies. This algorithm resolves the deficiencies of the slow convergence of gradient-descent and the singularity of the sparse matrix in the Gauss-Newton. Furthermore, involving the line search strategy improves the objective function to ensure that the algorithm converges to the global optimum point. In this research work, we implemented the Marquardt-Levenberg including the backtracking-Armijo line search for HEM data inverse modeling. Moreover, we used a linear filter of the Fast Hankel Transform (FHT) to figure out the forward operator for data simulation. Developing our algorithm via programming using MATLAB, we successfully obtained a resistivity model of layered earth. We employed the algorithm to recover a resistivity model from the HEM data acquired above the Alut region located at the northwest of Iran where is characterized by shear zone structure consisting of chlorite schist, Phyllite/Phyllonite, metamorphosed limestone and dolomite, mylonite and ultra-mylonite rock units. As a result, in accordance with the geological map the study area, we have successfully derived a resistivity-depth section of the subsurface along the HEM flight line and detected plausible shear zone and mylonitic granite as the favorite targets for the orogenic gold mineralization.

In the present work, we offer a novel numerical algorithm based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to consider the motion of many circular particles in a non-Newtonian power law fluid in Couette flow and it is combined with the smoothed profile method which explains the movement of particles. At first, the velocity variation of shear-thickening has been analyzed and the results was compared with the numerical results of the previous works. The present study is a first report, which investigate flow behavior of circular particles with the same and different size in power law medium in Couette flow on the LBM framework. The effective viscosity of a particulate suspension that are placed randomly inside two parallel walls is considered for 0.04

In this study, processing and interpretation methods in remote sensing such as visual and spectral analysis have been performed on the ASTER (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer) data from Zarshuran gold area, and as a result, the alteration zones in the area have been identified. Then, the results of two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling of Induced Polarization (IP) and resistivity data, using geological information, alteration and mineralization from the core drilling have been interpreted. Eventually, optimal locations for exploratory drilling have been proposed.

Development of advanced tools in remote sensing and geophysical exploration during recent decades indicates the necessity and importance of these tools in industry. In this paper, ASTER sensor imagery and geoelectrical data have been used in order to determine alteration zones, analyze mineralization system and identify the hidden mineralization in Zarshuran gold mine located in the north of the city of Takab, northwest of Iran. For this purpose, a variety of imageprocessing methods are used. IP and resistivity methods have an important role for exploration of metallic ore deposits. To achieve good results from these methods as well as minimizing the noise in the study area, it is necessary to select appropriate electrode array type for carrying out IP and resistivity surveys. For this purpose, IP and resistivity field operations over 17 parallel survey lines using the pole-dipole array have been made to identify the location of goldmineralization in the area.

In order to identify alteration zones, image processing methods such as BR (band ratio), PCA (principal component analysis), LS-Fit (linear band prediction) and SAM (spectral angle mapping) using ENVI software were applied on the ASTER images from the study area. After collecting IP and resistivity data in the area, two-dimensional and threedimensional smooth inverse modeling were carried out on the data using Res2dinv and Res3dinv software packages, and for better visualization, the results were demonstrated in Voxler and Rock Works software packages.

Identification of alteration zones in the study area using remote sensing and image processing methods, and interpretation of the geophysical inverse modeling results using geological and drilling information in the area have been led to the identification of gold mineralized zones or deposits in three-dimensional form. Eventually, based on the whole results, optimal locations for exploratory drilling have been proposed. An outcome of this research is that applying both the remote sensing and geophysics data can be led to improve the accuracy of the results. As the obtained geophysical anomalies at the end of some survey lines have been open, therefore, it is suggested to continue geophysical operations at the end of these survey lines. For better display of gold mineralization, it is also recommended to carry out geophysical operations on a number of survey lines perpendicular to main parallel survey lines. As the acquired considerable IP values in the study area can be due to metallic minerals as well clay minerals, therefore, it is recommended that some samples to be taken from drillings or excavations in the area, and then, to be analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) equipment to determine the amount and type of possible metallic or clay minerals in the samples.

The spatial distribution of petrophysical parameters in reservoirs is one of the most important factors for reservoir characterization. A Flow unit is a continuous part of a specific volume of the reservoir in which its geological and petrophysical properties are alike. Therefore, accurate prediction of the flow units in a reservoir is a great task to reliably achieve petrophysical description of the reservoir. Normally, there is no simple relationship between porosity and permeability in reservoirs, thus, a proper method to evaluate the permeability - porosity relationship in hydrocarbon reservoirs is to determine hydraulic flow units. To present the permeability - porosity relationship in this paper, first, the hydraulic flow units in three wells of the hydrocarbon field under study were determined using the methods of flow zone indicator (FZI) and electrofacies, and then, the permeability - porosity relationship in each of the hydraulic flow units was investigated. The results indicate the same number of hydraulic flow units obtained by both methods. However, higher correlation coefficient is obtained for the permeability - porosity plot using FZI method compared to electrofacies method. Moreover, hydraulic flow units can be determined using electrofacies method from well logs even if porosity and permeability data are not available. Due to the heterogeneity of some reservoirs in macroscopic and microscopic dimensions, providing a detailed description of petrophysical properties of the reservoirs requires sufficient information about heterogeneity of the reservoirs. Determination of petrophysical properties is significant for exploration, production and management of hydrocarbon reservoirs A flow unit, is a specific volume of a reservoir that contains one or more lithological properties of reservoir, and may be in contact with other flow units. It is necessary to have the accurate prediction of flow units for modeling the reliable petrophysical reservoirs. In this research, conducted in three wells of a hydrocarbon field in south of Iran, hydraulic flow units are obtained using different methods, and then, permeability - porosity relationship in each of the hydraulic flow units is investigated. In this research, to present permeability - porosity relationship, we, first, determine hydraulic flow units using FZI and electrofacies methods in three wells of the study field, and then, obtain and analyze permeability - porosity relationship in each of the hydraulic flow units. The results of this study have showed that equal number of hydraulic flow units is obtained from both FZI and electrofacies methods. However, the number of hydraulic flow units in one of wells is determined to be different from the other two wells. Furthermore, the obtained permeability - porosity relationship using the aforementioned methods in the hydrocarbon field, indicates that the FZI method establishes this relationship with higher correlation coefficient in comparison with the electrofacies method. However, even if the porosity and permeability date are not available, determination of hydraulic flow units from well logging data using the electrofacies method is possible.

In this paper, a green transportation location problem is considered with uncertain demand parameter. Increasing robustness influences the number of trucks for sending goods and products, caused consequently, increase the air pollution. In this paper, two green approaches are introduced which demand is the main uncertain parameter in both. These approaches are addressed to provide a trade-off between using available trucks and buying new hybrid trucks for evaluating total costs beside air pollution. Due to growing complexity, a Lagrangian decomposition algorithm is applied to find a tight lower bound for each approach. In this propounded algorithm, the main model is decomposed into master and subproblems to speed up convergence with a tight gap. Finally, the suggested algorithm is compared with commercial solver regarding total cost and computational time. Due to computational results for the proposed approach, the Lagrangian decomposition algorithm is provided a close lower bound in less time against commercial solver.

Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) are necessary for risk management and safety enhancement at municipal gas depressurization stations. The present study was performed to identify operational hazards at gas depressurization station and propose technical and management solutions for attenuating them. This study was performed in two gas depressurization stations in Isfahan Province, Iran. For this purpose, firstly, HAZOP team was built, and based on the team members’ opinions, five principal nodes were identified across the gas depressurization process: gas inlet, filter inlet, filter, heater, regulator, and odorizer. Operational parameters, design limit, and possible deviations were investigated. Required information for HAZOP worksheets were gathered by referring to textbooks, operational procedures, daily report book, and interviews with engineers and operators working at the stations. Findings: Deviations in pressure, flow intensity, temperature and corrosion at the gas and filter inlet nodes, and also those in gas flow, gas temperature, heater temperature, gas pressure, and corrosion at the heater node were determined. At the regulator node, deviations in gas pressure at upstream and downstream of the regulator, corrosion, regulator pilot, and insensitivity of the pilot to the pressure at downstream were evaluated. Finally, deviations in injection rate of odorant, gas flow, pressure, and velocity, and odor intensity were considered at the odorizer node. In this HAZOP study, causes and effects of deviations in operational parameters at five nodes in gas depressurization station were identified, and preventive and corrective actions were emphasized, such as preventive and timely maintenance, consistent inspection of pipelines, preparing a well-scheduled plan for inspecting the equipment in terms of corrosion, inspection, and design revision.

Summary: In this research, the efficiency of electrical sounding method in recognizing the mineral layer in karstic bauxite deposits having coarse topography is investigated. For this purpose, 21 electrical sounding locations beside drilled points along a survey line in one of Jajarm bauxite deposit have been designed and surveyed. First, the acquired data have been interpreted using standard curves, and then, the obtained results have been modelled by IXID software. Because of enough resistivity contrast between the bauxite and dolomite bed rock, the recognition of basement is possible. Despite this, due to low resistivity contrast between the bauxite and upper layers, the recognition of upper layers, and thus, determination of the bauxite layer thickness is difficult. In order to investigate the accuracy of the results of the geoelectrical surveys in the mineralized area, these results were compared with the results of exploration drilling in the study area. After comparison, it was identified that estimation error of the results of 5 sounding locations were above 50%,, estimation error of the results of 10 sounding points were between 10% and 30%, and estimation error of the results of 6sounding locations was less than 10%. Kendall rank correlation coefficient between estimated depth of basement by geoelectrical method and the achieved depth of drilling results was 0.486 that revealed a good correlation between contact of recognized dolomite depth and bauxite from the interpretation of sounding results and from the results of drilling data in the study area.

Introduction: Bauxite exploration methods like exploration of most of minerals have divided into direct and indirect methods. Different drilling methods such as borehole drilling, core drilling and trench drilling are different kinds of direct methods, which are expensive and taking very much time. Among indirect exploration methods, we can refer to geophysical methods, which their applications are spreading because they are cheaper and faster, i.e. have higher operation speed. The major question of this research is whether electrical resistivity method is effective in bauxite exploration or not? and also, how much is the accuracy of modeling results and interpretation of electrical sounding surveys in determination of the depth and thickness of bauxite layer in the study area?

Methodology and Approaches: In this research, resistivity method has been used for recognition of bauxite layer in Jajarm bauxite mine. After preliminary studies and inspection of Jajarm bauxite mine, one part of that area has been selected as an area for planning and acquisition of geoelctrical surveys. This area has coarse topography that limits the planning of survey network. Finding the depth and thickness of the bauxite layer is the purpose of this research. As the resistivity in vertical direction changes more than resistivity in horizontal direction in the area, vertical changes in resistivity represent the properties of bauxite layer in the vertical direction, and thus, the Schlumberger electrode array was used for geoelectrical sounding surveys. The distance between successive sounding points in survey lines according to exploration boreholes was considered 25 meters. Geological and exploration reports as well as the positions of the bauxite outcrops show the dip of bauxite layers. Considering this point, 21 electrical sounding points having 25 m distances from each other were surveyed. In this research, first, electrical sounding data were interpreted by standard curves, and then, the achieved results as the primary model were modeled by IXID software. Kendall rank correlation coefficient between estimated depth of basement as a result of modeling electrical sounding data and the achieved depth of drilling results was 0.486 that revealed a good correlation between the basement depth from the interpretation of sounding results and from the results of drilling data in the study area.

Results and Conclusions: Five geoelectrical layers have generally been recognized in the study area as a result of the interpretation of all the acquired electrical sounding data, and also, the geological evidences from the area. Insufficient resistivity contrast between the bauxite unit and its overlying layer cause that these two units cannot be separable, and thus, determination of the thickness of the bauxite layer using geoelectrical method seems to be difficult. Although there is sufficient resistivity contrast between the bauxite unit and its underlying karstic dolomite basement, the estimated contact depths between these two layers from the interpretation of sounding data in 5 sounding locations, based on the drilling results in these locations, are not acceptable because of artificial noises from different human factors such as drilling equipment, drilling debris and other human installation, and also, because of geological noises such as varying thickness and dip of soil and rock layers and the existence of coarse topography in the study area. In general, based on the obtained results from the interpretation of the electrical sounding data, we can say that the accuracy of the geophysical method in estimation of subsurface information in this research is acceptable. We can also conclude that the geoelectrical method in the estimation of bauxite and basement layers has high accuracy.

Aims: Pre-adolescence is an essential time for the formation and stability of behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the correlated factors with nutritional behaviors in elementary school students.
Instrument and In descriptive-analytic study, 300 fifth-grade elementary schools students of Talesh and Fouman cities of Guilan Province, Iran were selected using the random cluster method, in 2017. Data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire. The one way analysis of variance, two independent samples t-test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and SPSS 21 software were used. Findings: There was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and nutritional behaviors (p>0.05) but father's education level had a significant reverse correlation with barriers (r=-0.147; p<0.05). The most important barriers of having breakfast during the week in school were lack of appetite and adequate time, and on vacation, was to be alone. Barriers were disliked milk, embarrassment of taking bread and cheese as a snack, and the lack of fruits and vegetables at home (p<0.05). The important cues to action were mothers (76.5%), fathers (44.5%) and then health workers and teachers, respectively. Barriers play an important role in nutritional behaviors. The most important barriers of having breakfast during the week in school are lack of appetite and adequate time, and on vacation, being alone.

Electrodeposition of nano titania from aqueous dispersion has been studied. Properties of The electrodeposited layer are related to nanoparticle type, morphology, structure and process characteristics. These properties are directly affected by preparation method and electrodeposition parameters such as current density, substrate type, pH, ionic concentration, size, type of nanoparticles, electrolyte mixing, etc. Characteristics of nano titania could affect the conversion efficiency of DSSC (Dye Sensitized Solar Cell) significantly. Electrodeposition is a good candidate for applying nano titania as a semi-conductor. In this study the effect of electrodeposition current density on the adsorption of different types of dyes on electrodeposited nano titania in a DSSC has been studied. N455-PF6 showed more dye adsorption on the electrodeposited nano titania. The increasing current density, the raising nano titania thickness and deposition yield. Comparing three types of dyes (P1, N455-PF6, N719) showed that N455-PF6 represented a linear and reproducible absorption by increasing current density.

As a result of global warming a significant change in wet and dry spells pattern is expected. These variations would be more significant in regions with diverse climates like Golestan province, Iran. In this research, the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of droughts are assessed using Standardized Precipitation Indices (SPI) in two raingauges stations namely Arazkuse and Tamar. The rainfall data for baseline period (1986-2005) for both stations were collected and examined. The projections of rainfall amount for two future periods, 2031–2050 and 2051–2070, obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) outputs were downscaled under three representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM). After evaluation of skill of WG model in simulation of historical rainfall data, SPI and relative SPI values in different time steps were calculated. Then by using first-order Markov chains drought characteristics during baseline and future period were compared. The results showed that probability of droughts in the future in both Tamar and Arazkuse stations, would increase. With increasing SPI time scale, duration of all drought classes is projected to decrease in the future under all three RCP scenarios.

In this paper we studied preparation of working films of dye-sensitized solar cells using screen printed method. The organic dye based on phenoltiazine with cyanoacrylic acid as the electron donor group utilized as photosensitizer. Fluorine-doped thin oxide FTO coated glass is transparent electrically conductive and ideal for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. FTO glass was coated by screen printed method and investigated the effect of fabrication´s parameters. The influence of the squeegee printing angle of 37°, 55° and 65° on the dye-sensitized solar cells performance was investigated in order to assess changes in the status of the power conversion efficiency. The Conversion efficiency for 37°, 55° and 65° are 2.71 and 1.96 and 1.58, respectively. When using the FTO glass for working electrode preparation, a low squeegee angle gives a porous thick film, which is ideal for dye absorption.

The stuck pipe is one of the most important problems that it is costly and time consuming in drilling. Studies show that the parameters such as torque and the structure of the ground during drill operation are effective in the stuck pipe. Experience has shown that the torque suddenly rises in the moment of stuck, and drill bit rotates (rotation per minute RPM) get more slowly. Because this approach has many weaknesses with regard to the possibility to human mistakes and lack sufficient precision, thus, by detecting torque and rotation per minute spikes, the stuck moment can be detected. Various methods have been introduced to spike detection in the proposed method. In addition, smooth nonlinear energy operator is used. In this method, signal is detected positive and negative changes. In this study, a method for the detection of positive spike for torque and negative spike for RPM has been introduced. Moreover, it has been shown that the suggested method needs less time for analyzing a signal; therefore, it can be used in the immediately systems.

Some changes in newborns growth indices are related to several risk factors; though, a distinct etiology is unknown. Due to the available evidence about highly concentrated levels of lead in our province particularly in comparison to non-contaminated regions, this study was designed to evaluate the relationship between lead levels of umbilical cord blood and newborns birth weight variations in Zanjan, Iran.
300 newborns were enrolled in this case-control study in Zanjan province. Cord blood samples were obtained from 150 low birth weight (LBW) infants (birth weight lower than 2500 gr) as the case group, and 150 normal weight infants (weight= 2500-4000 gr.) as the control group. The blood lead level was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test.
Umbilical cord blood lead level was significantly high in LBW newborns (79.17±37.10 mg/L) in comparison with the control group (73.4±42.9 mg/L). there was not this type of relationship(raised mean level of umbilical cord blood lead in LBW newborns compared to normal weight newborns)in newborn groups who distributed based on mother’s age and education level variables but there was significant statistical differences in mean level of lead in both these groups in according with gender variable.
High blood level of lead in cord blood samples can potentially be considered as one of the reasons for LBW.

Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important plant pathogens in pistachio. The ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains VUPF5, VUPF52, Bacillus cereus strain PRC95 and Bacillus subtilis strain PRC96 were tested as biocontrol agents for Meloidogyne incognita on the pistachio cultivars Sarakhs and Badami. The effect of these bacterial strains on defenserelated enzymes activity in pistachio was also investigated. Pistachio seedlings of both cultivars were treated with bacterial strains and then were inoculated with 2000 second-stage juveniles of nematode after two days. Evaluations were made for changes of Peroxidase (POX), PolyPhenolOxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine Ammonia lyase (PAL) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) determined at 2, 4, 7, and 10 Days After nematode Inoculation (DAI). Results showed improved activity of POX, PAL and PPO in both cultivars. The most significant result for POX activity in the treated seedlings belonged to Pseudomonas strain VUPF5 at 7 DAI for Sarakhs and 10 DAI for Badami. However, this strain displayed an increase in PAL activity at 2 and 4 DAI in Badami and Sarakhs, respectively. Seedlings treated by the Pseudomonas strain VUPF52 at 10 DAI had the highest PPO activity among cultivars. TPC concentration was slightly higher, by 8.4% at 4 DAI, in Sarakhs seedlings treated with VUPF5, but no significant increase could be seen in the Badami cultivar compared with the control. In another experiment, 4 months after nematode inoculation in seedlings of both cultivars treated by bacterial strains, numbers of galls, egg masses, and second juveniles decreased compared with the non-treated seedlings.

The use of natural polymers in comparison with synthetic ones within coating structure would contribute to preserve recyclability and biodegradability characteristics of paper products. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of biopolymer barrier coatings on packaging paper properties. Therefore, the composite coatings consist of soy protein /cellulose nanofiber (SPI/CNF) with five levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% CNF was applied at 5, 10 and 15 g/m2 coat weights on the liner base paper. In order to evaluate coatings effects, tensile strength, strain at break, burst strength, color difference, oil resistance, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were considered. The results showed that the tensile index, strain at break and burst strength index of coated paper enhanced with increasing the CNF content and coat weights. Moreover, the color measurements demonstrated that coating of papers with SPI/CNF caused to more color difference in coated papers and it was darker in comparison with uncoated ones as the coat weights increased. The oil resistance and WVTR of coated papers were improved drastically and they were 86.87% and 76.61% respectively at highest CNF level and coat weight. In general, incorporation of CNF into SPI matrix led to an improvement in barrier and mechanical properties of coated paper.

Hydatid cyst is observed in any organ, especially in liver and lung. Use of effective scolicidal agents during hydatid cyst surgery is essential to prevent the secondary infection. Most of these agents are not safe and effective. Many studies have shown that Punica granatum has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitical effects. This study was undertaken for the first time to evaluate the scolicidal effect of P. granatum aqueous extract in vitro.
Material & Viability of protoscoleces of hydatid cyst was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Normal saline and hypertonic saline were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Protoscoleces were treated with 60, 70 and 80 mg/ml of the sour P. granatum extract (based on the total amount of citric acid). All extracts were examined for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for data analysis.
Sour P. granatum extract at the concentration of 80 mg/ml killed 100% of protoscoleces after 15 minutes of application. Scolicidal effect of Sour P. granatum extract at the concentration of 70 mg/ml was lower than that in 80 mg/ml. However, after 15 minutes of application, all of protoscoleces were killed. We observed a statistically significant difference in the protoscolicidal activity of the sour aqueous extract with different dilutions (60, 70, 80 mg/ml) (p > 0.05).
Our results suggest that aqueous extract of P. granatum can be a promising source of potential protoscolicidal agent. Regarding the usage of pomegranate and aqueous extract as drink and food, it seems this component is harmless and safe. Therefore, after being examined in vivo and additional experiments, it may be used as a suitable and effective scolicidal in surgery.

In this study, meteorological data, including maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed, sunshine hours, degree of cloudiness, precipitation, pressure and humidity were collected in the sixth station of Mashhad, Isfahan, Ramsar, Zahedan, Urmia and Shiraz. The results showed that in all stations the maximum temperature and sunshine hours, in 5 stations degree of cloudiness and in 4 station pressure and wind speed component parameters affecting solar radiation. The most important influencing parameters are different at each station so that wind speed in 4 stations and sunshine hours in three stations are ranked first and second. Checking all parameters show that maximum temperature and the degree of cloudiness effective on solar radiation but is the least important parameters. After determining the effective meteorological parameters at each station, solar radiation was estimated using support vector machine (SVM) and three experimental methods Angstrom, Hargreaves and Abdullah. Hargreaves method estimate solar radiation less accurate than the two other experimental method. SVM estimate solar radiation in the test phase at Isfahan, Mashhad, Urmia, Ramsar, Shiraz and Zahedan stations by RMSE error 1.38, 1.28, 1.36, 1.51, 1.21 and 1.58 MJm-2d-1 and MEF error 3.59, 5.50, 4.18, 7.96, 3.26 and 5.17 percent. SVM estimate solar radiation with greater accuracy than empirical methods in all stations using artificial intelligence.

The statistical and trend analysis of water quality and water quantity are important in assessment, planning control and management program of streams. The time series of yearly values of five water quality variables ( , , SAR, TDS, TH) and the discharge at seven selected stations in the period 1971-200 were selected for this analysis. Stations were selected on the basis of sample size, period of reporting, and availability of flow data. Four non-parametric trend tests (the Sen’s slope estimator, the Mann-Kendall, the Spearman’s Rho, and the Hodges-Lehmann) are adapted in this study. In most cases, the first three tests provide the same conclusion about trend existence but Hodges-Lehmann test doesnt reveal a significant trend. An overview of results is as follows: 1. concentration at Tangrah, Galikesh, Tamar monitoring stations decreased, while no significant trend is observed in other selected stations, 2. exhibited positive significant trend in Ramiyan monitoring station 3. Spearman's rho test of trend shows an increasing and decreasing trend of TDS for Tamar and Galikesh monitoring stations respectively, while Mann-Kendall test and Sen estimator of trend show an increasing trend of TDS for Tamar and Galikesh monitoring station, while TDS exhibited positive trends at Ramiyan station. 4. SAR concentration at Tagi Abad, Galikesh, Tamar and Lazoreh increased while no significant trend is observed in other selected stations, 5. Significant positive trends were found for TH in Tnagrah and Galikesh monitoring stations. Only two monitoring stations, one at Tamar station and the other at the Ramiyan station, had decreasing trends for discharge.

In the current research, simultaneous application of Trichoderma harzianum (T.BI) and T. virens (T.65) species with two strains of Bacillus subtilis (MD, Bs) were evaluated on reduction of Meloidogyne javanica pathogenicity indexes and improvement of tomato growth factors in a bioassay trial fungal culture extract and bacterial suspension were tested on mortality of second stage juveniles and egg hatching individually and simultaneously. Application of T65 (T. virens) and MD (B. subtilis) caused 5 and 1.5 times enhancement in juvenile mortality and egg hatching inhibition of M. javanica in comparison to control in laboratory conditions. Furthermore, roots of tomato seedlings with 4-5 leaves were treated by mentioned combination in greenhouse. Comparing to control treatment of T65 MD lead to reduction of gall, egg and second stage juvenile numbers by 68, 57.5 and 38.3 % respectively. According to our results, efficiency assessment of T.65 treatment on reduction of pathogenicity indexes in root knot nematode is recommended under natural condition. Evaluation of tomato growth factors improvement in pot experiments revealed that MD bacterial strain, has potential of increasing tomato shoot and root length by 34 and 110 % respectively in comparison to healthy control. Therefore, it seems that MD strain is suitable candidate for further research in the fields of plant hormones production and possible induction of resistance in plant.

Determination of the thickness of a mountains glacier like Alamkooh is very difficult due to its extremely cold climate conditions and high elevation, risk of falling large snow segments or balls and coarse topography of the glacier. In this research, due to the transparency of ice for electromagnetic (EM) waves, and also, that ground penetrating radar (GPR) method is non-destructive, fast and accurate, this method has been used for determination of thickness and basement topography of Alamkooh glacier. The GPR data acquisition has been made by 25 MHZ transmitter antenna using common offset method, and transmitter and receiver spacing or separation of 6 meters. Almost all of the glaciers in the west of the study area (including Alamchal, Takhtechal and Takhtesoleiman) have been surveyed by the GPR method. In this research, only the GPR data from 6 survey lines of a, b and c in Alamchal glacier have been processed and interpreted. The processing step has been made using static correction, signal saturation correction filter, gain functions, f-k migration filter, sequential average filter and topography correction in order to obtain a clear picture from the subsurface layers. After applying these processing methods on the acquired data, the EM waves reflections from the interfaces of different layers including the reflections from the glacier basement have been detected, and by assigning a suitable EM wave velocity in the ice (0.16 m/ns), the varying thickness of 50-94 m for the ice layer laid under the survey lines has been estimated. In this research, the debris sediments inside the ice, trough or bowl-shaped structures in the ice and parabolic reflections indicating the presence of boulders inside the ice, have also been detected. Considering the similarity between GPR and reflection seismic methods, we can use seismic processing methods to process GPR data, GPR attributes comprising of instantaneous amplitude, phase and frequency attributes have been extracted from the GPR data for better detection and interpretation of the subsurface layers. The instantaneous amplitude attribute has well distinguished the EM waves reflections from the interfaces of different layers including the EM reflections from the glacier basement, boulders and sediment debris inside the ice. Furthermore GPR data are demonstrated as a two-dimensional (2-D) time section, in which vertical axis is the two-way time of electromagnetic wave, and the horizontal axis is the location of the middle point between the transmitter and receiver, or the distance of this point from the starting of the survey line. The topography of the ground surface generally causes a mess in the GPR data, but the data presentation and interpretation is based on the flatness of the ground surface. To remove the undesired mess in the data due to the topography and putting the events on their real locations, it is necessary to apply topography correction on the data. The results obtained from this research work indicate that if relatively coarse topography exists in the survey area, applying topography correction on the data is needed. Finally, after investigating GPR depth sections, it has been observed that the topography of the glacier basement is a relatively accurate copy of the topography of the glacier surface.

Different Trichoderma species play role as suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers and successful biological tool in stable agriculture. These microorganisms show rivalry in food and place sources. They establish in the rhizosphere of most agricultural and non-agricultural plants via producing spores. They also could induce resistance in plants. These properties may lead to pathogen reduction as well as plant growth incitation. Favorite effect of Trichoderma species on the plant growth depends on type of species, strains and inoculation methods. Therefore this research has been tried to compare growth effects of four different Trichoderma species using three methods including seed coating, soil application and shoot spraying on tomato growth factors.
Four Trichoderma spp. including Trichoderma sp (T1), Trichoderm virens (T2), Trichoderma harzianum (T3, T4) and Trichoderma koningi (T5) were evaluated on tomato growth under completely randomized design based on factorial mmethod with four replications in greenhouse conditions. Three methods, consisting of seed coating, soil application and shoot spraying were applied under pot experiments and the performance of all three methods was evaluated according to the isolates. Fungal inoculation suspension was prepared for each method separately. For instance in seed coating method, 3×106 Trichoderma spore on seed surface was estimated. Approximately 107 propagle per gram of soil was calculated for soil application method and in shoot spraying 107 spores per ml was prepared. Statistical analysis was carried out based on averages comparison by LSD method (P=0.05).
Based on obtained results, soil application method showed meaningful promotion on tomato growth traits especially on dry root and foliar weight in comparison to other techniques. Overall, T1, T2 and T5 selected as the best candidates in trial conditions specifically in soil and seed application methods based on their positive effect on tomato growth factors. Isolate T1 increased root and shoot length by 54 and 45.5 percent respectively over controls in soil application treatment. In addition, the means comparisons using LSD method shows no significant difference between T1 and T2 isolates at 5% possibility level. So there is no difference between these isolates as a bio-fertilizer.
The soil application method was suggested as preferred technique in current study. In addition, it seems that application of T1 (Trichoderma sp.) and T2 (T. virens) isolates in the form of individual or combined formulation which can be used in the field level and could improve tomato growth and yields significantly.

Rill erosion is considered to be the most important process affecting soils created by the concentrated flow of water. In this research to quantify sediment transport and runoff in natural rills, two rill experiments under dry and wet conditions were accomplished in November 2013 in the Golestan Dam. Filed experiments lead to a closer understanding of the dynamics and power of different soil erosion processes in a rill channel. Water is introduced with an intensity of 12 L min−1 into a rill within 10 min. Rill cross sections, slope values, flow velocities and sediment concentrations were measured for each rill at three points every 5, 10 and 16 m from the origin along a rill. The flow velocity within the rill was measured by recording the travel times of the waterfront and of two applied colour tracers .The results showed that the flow velocity in the under wet condition is higher than dry condition. Under dry condition, the highest sediment concentrations are recorded at the initial runoff flow despite lowest flow velocity. The initial high sediment concentration may be attributed to the existence of a thin loose surface layer. Flow velocity increases along the length of the channel towards an increase with flow duration. However suspended sediment concentration measured tend to decline with decreasing the sediment-transport capacity. Temporal variations in the sediment concentrations indicated that changes Sediment concentration at the time of the creation of the nought erosion process with inflow water in the experiments and sediment transport mostly attributed to the bulldozer effect. Also showed that hydrological response and sediment production were significantly different in two rill channels which only ground cover were significantly different

In recent years, according to the intelligent models increased as new techniques and tools in hydrological processes such as precipitation forecasting. ANFIS model has good ability in train, construction and classification, and also has the advantage that allows the extraction of fuzzy rules from numerical information or knowledge. Another intelligent technique in recent years has been used in various areas is support vector machine (SVM). In this paper the ability of artificial intelligence methods including support vector machine (SVM) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were analyzed in monthly precipitation prediction.
The study area was the city of Gonbad in Golestan Province. The city has a temperate climate in the southern highlands and southern plains, mountains and temperate humid, semi-arid and semi-arid in the north of Gorganroud river. In total, the city's climate is temperate and humid. In the present study, monthly precipitation was modeled in Gonbad using ANFIS and SVM and two different database structures were designed. The first structure: input layer consisted of mean temperature, relative humidity, pressure and wind speed at Gonbad station. The second structure: According to Pearson coefficient, the monthly precipitation data were used from four stations: Arazkoose, Bahalke, Tamar and Aqqala which had a higher correlation with Gonbad station precipitation. In this study precipitation data was used from 1995 to 2012. 80% data were used for model training and the remaining 20% of data for validation. SVM was developed from support vector machines in the 1990s by Vapnik. SVM has been widely recognized as a powerful tool to deal with function fitting problems. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) refers, in general, to an adaptive network which performs the function of a fuzzy inference system. The most commonly used fuzzy system in ANFIS architectures is the Sugeno model since it is less computationally exhaustive and more transparent than other models. A consequent membership function (MF) of the Sugeno model could be any arbitrary parameterized function of the crisp inputs, most like lya polynomial. Zero and first order polynomials were used as consequent MF in constant and linear Sugeno models, respectively. In addition, the defuzzification process in Sugeno fuzzy models is a simple weighted average calculation. The fuzzy space was divided via grid partitioning according to the number of antecedent MF, and each fuzzy region was covered with a fuzzy rule.
Results The statistical results showed that in first structure determination coefficient values for both the training and test was not good performance in precipitation prediction so that ANFIS and SVM had determination coefficient of 0.67 and 0.33 in training phase and 0.45 and 0.40 in test phase. Also the error RMSE values showed that both models had failed to predict precipitation in first structure. The results of second structure in precipitation prediction showed that determination coefficient of ANFIS at training and testing was 0.93 and 0.87 respectively and RMSE was 7.06 and 9.28 respectively. MBE values showed that the ANFIS underestimated at training phase and overestimated at test phase. Determination coefficient of SVM at training and testing was 0.89 and 0.91 respectively and RMSE was 9.28 and 5.59 respectively. SVM underestimated precipitation at train phase and overestimated it at test phase. ANFIS and SVM modeled precipitation using precipitation gauging stations with reasonable accuracy. Determining coefficient in the test phase was almost the same for ANFIS and SVM but the RMSE error of SVM model was about 20% lower than the ANFIS. The coefficient of determination and error values indicated SVM had greater accuracy than ANFIS. ANFIS overestimated precipitation for less than 20 mm but for higher values of uniformly distributed around the 1:1. SVM underestimated precipitation for more than 90 mm precipitation due to the low number of data in the training phase, which made this model, did not train well. When meteorological parameters were introduced as input, minimum determination coefficient and maximum error in the test phase occurred while humidity parameters were removed. By removing any of the parameters of temperature, pressure and wind speed the error values and coefficient of determination in test phase was approximately equal.
The potential of the support vector machine (SVM) and neuoro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in monthly precipitation pattern were analyzed. In order to model, two data sets were used containing meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure and wind speed) and the stations precipitation. The results showed that the simulated precipitation using meteorological parameters by ANFIS and SVM had low accuracy. Precipitation forecasting using stations precipitation in the region had good accuracy by ANFIS and SVM. Comparing the results of this study showed the high efficiency of SVM in simulating precipitation. This method can be successfully used in modeling precipitation to increase efficiency of precipitation modelling.