فهرست مطالب rouhollah amini

The aim of the study was investigating the effects of different intercropping patterns with fenugreek and bio-fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Moldavian-balm and evaluating the advantage of intercropping patterns by determining the land equivalent ratio (LER) index.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and three replications in Maragheh city in 2019. The first factor was cropping-pattern consisted of sole Moldavian-balm and intercropping of Moldavian-balm with fenugreek in replacement patterns (Mb:F) and additive intercropping. The second factor was fertilizer treatment included the use of chemical-fertilizers (CF), Myco-Root bio-fertilizer (M) and the combination of Myco-Root and Biofarm bio-fertilizer (M+B).

The results showed that the effects of cropping-patterns and fertilizer treatments and the interaction of these factors were significant on most of the tested traits. The highest leaf chlorophyll-index (39.06) was observed in sole Moldavian-balm+CF and the greatest plant height (101.7 cm) was also observed in 1:1+CF, which was not significantly different with M+B. The highest dry herbage yield was obtained in sole Moldavian-balm and M+B (8213kg/ha) and CF (8130 kg/ha). At all intercropping patterns the LER values were higher than 1 and the greatest one was obtained in 100: 50.

According to the results of yield and LER, it can be concluded that the intercropping of Moldavian-balm and fenugreek, also the combined use of bio-fertilizers of Myco-Root and Biofarm, is a suitable alternative to sole -cropping and reduce the use of chemical-fertilizers in sustainable production of Moldavian-balm.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of magnetic water, organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.).

This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 21 treatments and three replications at research farm of the faculty of agriculture, university of Tabriz, Iran in 2016.The first factor was magnetic water (0, 290, and 430 milli Tesla) and the second factor was fertilizer treatment (control, 100% chemical fertilizers+NPK fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+bio-fertilizer, Penergetic P, 50% chemical fertilizer+Penergetic P, 50% chemical fertilizer +organic wood fertilizer with 2 and 4 tons/ha).

Increasing the intensity of the magnetic improved the transverse growth of the plant, leaf chlorophyll index, dry weight of upper flowering parts, and essential oil yield of Moldavian balm. The interaction effect of magnetic water fertilizer treatments was significant on number of branch per plant, dry weight of upper parts, essential oil percentage and yield. The highest dry weight of upper flowering parts (7668.70 kg/ha) was obtained in 100% chemical fertilizer and magnetic water of 430 milliTesla. The highest essential oil yield (16.59 kg/ha) was obtained in organic wood fertilizer in 2 tons ha and without using magnetic water.

Bio-fertilizer and organic fertilizers in combination with 50% of chemical fertilizers coupled with magnetic water of 430 milliTesla could be recommended to improve the growth traits, qualitative and quantitative yield of Moldavian balm in the field condition.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the chlorophyll, grain yield and yield components of pinto beans in different intercropping pattern with madder during three years of growth of madder.

The research was carried out during 2018-2020 in the research farm of Jihad Keshavarzi in Varzeghan city. The experimental design was randomized complete block in three replications. Treatments were six cropping patterns included bean and madder pure cropping,4 intercropping pattern of madder and bean as 1:2,2:2,2:4 and3:4, respectively.

Analysis of variance showed that the year and pattern of intercropping had a significant effect on the grain yield and yield components of bean. The results of comparing the means showed that the highest height of the bean plant (63.6 cm) leaf chlorophyll index (42) and grain yield (2806.7 kg/ha) were observed in first growing season. The highest height of bean plant (63.7 cm) , leaf chlorophyll index (43.7) and grain yield (2918.6 kg/ha) were obtained in the two row cultivation pattern of maddder with two rows of beans, which had significant difference with other patterns. The harvest index was not significantly different between the cropping patterns.

The mixed cropping of 2:2 had the highest grain yield in the first growing year,of madder which can be recommended to farmers in sustainable production systems.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetic water and mixed cultivation pattern of millet, bean and forage vetch on species yield.This study was conducted in the 2019 and 2020 cropping years. The experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments. LER, AYL RVT IA indices were used to evaluate intercropping.The effect of year was significant for millet grain yield at a probability level of one percent and millet biomass at a probability level of five percent. The effect of magnetic water increased the studied traits in three plants. The main effect of culture for all studied traits was significant at the level of 1% probability. The interaction of year in cultivation was significant only for the number of leaves per millet plant at 5% , the interaction effect of irrigation in cultivation was significant for millet grain yield, millet biomass, vetch forage yield and bean grain yield at 1% and millet chlorophyll index trait at 5% level. Intercropping of millet with beans and millet with vetch has increased the yield of plants and is more economical. Mixed culture of millet-bean and millet-vetch with 2:1 and 4:1 ratio had better performance than pure culture, The highest LER index was related to millet-vetch intercropping with a ratio of 4:1. the highest RVT index was associated with the cultivation of millet-bean mixture with a ratio of 2:1.Therefore, the yield of plants in intercropping increased and they were better than a single crop.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the aerial parts of different species of wheat with different ploidy levels under the application of magnetic water and salinity stress,

In this regard, in order to evaluate the characteristics of the aerial parts of different species of wheat with different ploidy levels under the application of magnetic water and salinity stress, an experiment as a factorial based on a complete randomized block design with three replications in 2019 . The first factor is the type of water (normal and magnetic), the second factor is the salinity of irrigation water in three levels of 0, 3 and 6 deciSiemens per meter (sodium chloride) and the third factor is the species and cultivars of wheat.

The mean leaf chlorophyll content index, vegetative traits, yield and yield components of species and wheat cultivars decreased significantly in moderate and severe salinity. Magnetizing irrigation water alleviated the negative effects of salinity stress on leaf chlorophyll content index, some vegetative traits, and wheat grain yield. The average of the measured traits showed the superiority of Kuhdasht and Chamran cultivars compared to other wheat species and cultivars in the different salinity levels.

Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that pre-treatment of salt water with a specific magnetic field and the use of suitable cultivars such as Kuhdasht and Chamran, will improve wheat yield.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of reduced rates of trifluralin in integration with different living mulches, wheat atraw mulch and hand weeding on weeds, grain yield and yield components of sesame.

The experiment was conducted in Research Field of Agriculture-Jahad in Khoda Afarin County in 2019 as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was application of different rates of trifluralin at four levels including 0, 50, 75 and 100 % (recommended dose of 2 L/ha) of trifluralin and the second factor was different levels of non-chemical weed managements consisted of planting the living mulches of fenugreek, bitter vetch and pot marigold, application of wheat straw mulch, one time hand weeding and without non-chemical weed management (control).

The results indicated that the weed density and biomass were affected by herbicide dose, non-chemical weed management treatment and their interaction effect. Application of trifluralin in integration with straw mulch and hand weeding had more weed control efficacy compared with living mulch treatments. In pot marigold living mulch treatment, the grain yield was not significantly different between recommended rate and 75% of recommended rate of trifluralin.

Among the non-chemichal weed management treatments the application of wheat straw mulch and one time hand weeding had higher efficacy compared with living mulch treatments and could be used in integration with doses lower than recommended dose of trifluralin in sustainable weed management of sesame.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of reduced rates of trifluralin and kerosene in integration with straw and plastic mulch on weed management of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.).

The experiment was conducted based on randomized completely block design with three replications and 22 treatments in Kermanshah province, Iran, in 2017. The experimental treatments consisted of different rates of trifluralin including 100, 75 and 50% of recommended dose (2 L.ha-1) and kerosene rates were included 100,75,50 and 25% of applied dose (1000 L.ha-1) alone and in combination with straw (wheat) and plastic (black) mulch and weed free treatment.

The result showed that growth traits and yield components of cumin were significantly influenced by integrated weed management treatments. The integrated management treatments had a significant effect on cumin grain yield. The highest grain yield after weed free treatment was belonged to trifluralin 100% + plastic mulch (597. 3 kg.ha-1) and the lowest one was belonged to the kerosene 25% (368.2 kg.ha-1). The integrated weed management treatments had significant effect on essential oil content (%) and essential oil yield of cumin and the highest essential oil content (1.54%) and essential oil yield (9.20 kg.ha-1) was obtained in trifluralin 100% + plastic mulch.

It could be concluded that trifluralin with 75% of recommended rate and in integration with straw much could be a suitable alternative for kerosene in sustainable weed management of cumin.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of inoculation with growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza-like fungi (Piriformospora indica)  under water deficit stress on some morphological traits and essential oil yield of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.).

a factorial experiment was conducted in University of Tabriz, Iran based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. The first factor was water deficit based on field capacity (FC) at four levels including 80-100 % FC, 70-85%FC, 55-70% FC, 40-55% FC and the second factor was inoculation of Moldavian balm with different microorganisms including Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Piriformospora indica and control (non-inoculation).  

The results showed that the effect of water deficit stress and inoculation treatments on all morphological traits were significant. With increasing water deficit stress, all growth traits including plant height, branch number, main branch length, number of cycle of flowers per main branches, essential oil content and yield were significantly reduced. The highest amount of dry flowering head yield (2.41g/pot) was obtained with Enterobacter sp. However, the highest dry mater yield (59 g/pot), essential oil percentage (0.32%) and essential oil yield (0.19 g/pot) were obtained under Agrobacterium treatment.  

In general, inoculations with Piriformospora indica and Agrobacterium, were the best treatments in terms of dry mater yield and essential oil yield under moderate drought stress conditions and can be recommended as treatments to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers in sustainable production of Moldavian balm.

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of the intercropping by soybean, Moldavian balm and Proso millet on growth characteristics and yield of three sugar beet cultivars.

A factorial experiment was conducted in Khoy city based on randomized complete block design with 12 treatments in three replications in 2016 and 2017. The first factor was sugar beet cultivars (Kevin, Ghazira and Vaclav) and the second factor was cropping pattern of mono–cropping of sugar beet and the intercropping of sugar beet with soybean, Moldavian balm and Proso millet (50:50).

Results, indicated that the highest sugar content (15.82%), root yield (100.40 t.ha-1) and gross sugar yield (13.48 t.ha-1) in occupied area was obtained from the intercropping of sugar beet and Moldavian balm, and the lowest one (15.37%) obtained in intercropping of sugar beet and Proso millet and the intercropping of sugarbeet and soybean with 47.39 and 6.13 t.ha-1. The highest LER (1.27) obtained in intercropping of sugar beet cv. and soybean 2016, and the least (1.03) belonged to the intercropping Kevin cv. and soybean in 2017. The highest LER (1.21) belonged to the intercropping Vaclav cv. and Moldavian balm in 2017.

Based on root yield, sugar content, gross sugar yield and LER results, the intercropping of sugar beet with Moldavian balm is suitable alternatives for monocropping of sugar beet.

The goals of study were to evaluate of Alfalfa traits by using penergetic P and K under free and infested by Dodder (Cuscuta campestris).

The greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2017. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and two replications. Treatments were penergetic P+dodder infested , penergetic K+dodder infested, penergetic water+dodder infested, control+dodder infested, penergetic P+dodder free, penergetic K+dodder free, penergetic water+dodder free and control+dodder free.

Different treatments of penergetic had significant effect on plant height, number of sub stem per plant, diameter of main stem, fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll index and alfalfa biomass. The highest plant height with 49.18cm was achieved by penergetic water + dodder free and the highest chlorophyll index under penergetic P + dodder infested. The highest biomass yield was obtained from penergetic P+ dodder free treatment and the lowest biomass yield was observed in control+dodder infested treatment.

It can be concluded that using of different treatments of penergetic in the recommended doses increase the alfalfa resistance to dodder.

In order to evaluate the dodder (Cuscuta campestris) control methods in tomato an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and four replications (in box) at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2016. The dodder control treatments were including application of glyphosate with 100 g ai.ha-1 (infestation at 3-4- and 5-6-leaf stage of tomato), application of glyphosate with 150 g ai.ha-1 (infestation at 3-4- and 5-6-leaf stage), application of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) water extract at ratio of 1:10 (m/v) (infestation at 3-4- and 5-6-leaf stage), application of  vinegar at ratio of 1:10 (m/v) (infestation at 3-4- and 5-6-leaf stage application of  auxin at concentration of 0.1% (infestation at 3-4- and 5-6-leaf stage) and dodder-free treatment. Results indicated that dodder biomass, seed number and seed weight per box and tomato fruit yield were affected by dodder management treatments. Application of Bermuda grass water extract at 3-4-leaf stage had the highest dodder biomass (29.3 g per box) and application of glyphosate at 100 and 150 g ai.ha-1 had the lowest dodder biomass (7.9 and 10.1 g per box, respectively). The greatest dodder seed number per plant were observed in vinegar, Bermuda grass water extract and  auxin application treatments and the glyphosate application treatments had the lower dodder seed number per box. The highest tomato fruit yield (110.8 g.plant-1) was obtained in auxin application at 5-6-leaf stage that was not significantly different with vinegar and glyphosate at 100 g ai.ha-1 applications in this stage. Generally application of auxin and vinegar could be recommended to the growers as alternative of glyphosate for dodder management in organic production of tomato.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of copper and application of biological and chemical fertilizers on morphological traits, yield components and grain yield of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soil contamination with copper including 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of soil and the second factor was different fertilizer treatments including  chemical fertilizer, Sinorhizobium meliloti bacterium, Piriformospora indica mycorrhizal-like fungus, Sinorhizobium + Piriformospora and no fertilizer treatment (control). The results showed that plant height, leaf number and leaf area per plant were decreased under high Cu concentration and the highest values were observed in application of P. indica. The highest shoot and root dry weight of mung beanwere obtained at 50 mg/kg Cu. Application of P. indica, S. meliloti and chemical fertilizer increased the root dry weight more than other treatments. The highest grain yield per plant (1.045 g) was obtained by application of chemical fertilizer in 0 mg/kg of Cu. Fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on pod number, but the application of P. indica + R. meliloti increased the seed number per pod. Significant decreases in studied traits of mung-bean in higher concentrations of Cu indicate that mung-bean is susceptible to copper toxicity stress.  The mean comparison of the fertilizer treatments showed that application of chemical fertilizer and P. indica in lower concentrations of Cu resulted in increase of mung-bean tolerance to Cu toxicity. Also at high concentrations, using S. meliloti resulted in higher tolerance to Cu toxicity compared with other treatments.

To evaluate the effect integrated application of mulch with reduced doses of imazethapyr on weeds in bean, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 16 treatments in Tabriz in 2015. The first factor was much application with four levels including straw mulch, living mulch, no mulch and one hand weeding and the second factor was different doses of imazethapyr including 0, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose (100 g ai. ha-1). Results indicated that the interaction effects of herbicide dose and mulch application was significant on weed biomass, plant height, leaf area index and grain yield of bean. The lowest weed biomass was observed in hand weeding +100 % imazethapyr (106.5 g.m-2) that was not significantly different from straw mulch+100 % imazethapyr and living mulch +100 % imazethapyr. In 100 % dose of imazethapyr treatment, the living and straw mulch significantly increased the leaf area index of bean compared to 100 % imazethapyr. The hand weeding + 100 % imazethapyr treatment produced the highest bean grain yield (78% of weed free) and the straw mulch + 100 % imazethapyr (64% of weed free) and living mulch+ 100 % imazethapyr (53% of weed free) were the next. Generally, it could be concluded that post-emergence application of imazethapyr had low efficacy in bean weed management and using non-chemical treatments such as much and hand weeding could increase the weed control efficacy in this crop.

In order to evaluate the effect of management methods on weeds, grain yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, University of Tabriz, Iran, in 2015. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was non-chemical weed management at four levels including one hand weeding, wheat straw mulch, cowpea living mulch and no chemical control and the second factor was four levels of imazethapyr dose as 0, 50, 75 and 100 % of the recommended herbicide dose (1.0 L.ha-1). Also the weed-free treatment during whole season was considered as control. Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed biomass, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, pinto bean grain yield and gross income. The lowest weed biomass was obtained in 100% herbicide dose with hand weeding treatment (107 g.m-2) and the highest one observed in 0% herbicide dose with no management (511 g.m-2). The highest pod number per plant and grain number per plant were observed in 100% herbicide dose with hand weeding treatment. The weed biomass in 75% imazethapyr + hand weeding was not significantly different than that of 100% imazethapyr + hand weeding treatment The lowest weed biomass and highest pinto bean grain yield was obtained in 100% herbicide dose with hand weeding treatment that was not significantly different with 75% herbicide dose with the same treatment. We can conclude that application of non-chemical managements as integrated with reduced dose of imazethapyr could have suitable efficacy in weed management of pinto bean and reduce herbicide application.

Intercropping and biofertilizer application are the important strategies for reducing the risks of agricultural production and enhancing crop yield and quality in developing sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biofertilizers in safflower/faba bean intercropping, two field experiments were carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2015 and 2016. The first factor was including four cropping systems including sole croppings of safflower and faba bean; two intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 (safflower/faba bean). The second factor was four levels of fertilizers including no fertilizer,100% chemical fertilizer (urea+ triple superphosphate), 30% and 60% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (Azoto barvar1 + Phosphate barvar 2). Results revealed that the integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers in intercropped plants (1:1) caused to increasing yield components of safflower and protein harvest index for both years. The highest oil and protein content was also attributed to plants fed by 60% chemical plus biological fertilizers. Land equivalent ratio and relative value total was above 1.00 in all treatments, and the highest amount of them were achived from intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and the combinative application of 60% chemical and biological fertilizers. Therefore, it was concluded that intercropping (safflower/faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biological fertilizers, improved growth and quality of safflower.

This research was investigated to study the application of chemical and biofertilizers on growth, yield and fatty acids composition of safflower intercropped with faba bean based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of University of Tabriz during two growing seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Intercropping ratios of safflower and faba bean including 1:1, 2:1, and their sole cropping and four levels of fertilizers including no fertilizer, 100 percent chemical fertilizer, 30 percent and 60 percent chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (Azoto barvar 1 and phosphate barvar 2) were evaluated. Results showed that the highest Chlorophyll content, plant height and number of branch per plant were devoted to safflower/faba bean intercropping (1:1) with application of 60 percent chemical plus biological fertilizers. Also, integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers caused the increasing of seed yield, oil content (33.81 percent) and linoleic (76.97 percent) and linolenic (0.32 percent) fatty acids. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.41) was achieved in intercropped plants (1:1) with integrated use of 60 percent chemical and biological fertilizers. For both years, total actual yield loss for all intercrops was more than zero, which indicates the positive advantage of intercropping over the pure one. Overall, intercropping (safflower/faba bean) with integrated use of the chemical and biological fertilizers, can recommend as an appropriate manner for the production of safflower with a better quality and quantity.

This field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of University of Tabriz in 2015 to evaluate the effects of integrated management of dodder on some growth parameters of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were trifluralin (2 L.ha-1) wheat straw mulch, wheat straw mulch glyphosate application (75 g a.i. ha-1), irrigation after 15 days naphthalene acetic acid, chlorthal dimethyl application (10 kg.ha-1) irrigation after 15 days, tillage wheat straw mulch, wheat straw mulch irrigation after 15 days, trifluralin and chlorthal dimethyl application. The highest grain yield of chickpea was obtained in chlorthal dimethyl application and wheat straw mulch glyphosate application (respectively 2764 and 2617 kg.ha-1) that were higher than those of other management treatments. The highest biomass of dodder was observed in wheat straw mulch irrigation every 15 days. Results indicated that use of wheat straw mulch and irrigation after 15 days were not high enough to prevent the spread of dodder. Generally in treatments that only the non-chemical manageemnts were used the dodder infestation was occured and led to chickpea grain yield loss. Therefore, it seems that integration of cultural control (mulch application) with chemical control could be suitable option for dodder management in the chickpea fields.

Weed identification is considered the most fundamental task in weed management. It would be possible to decide on specific methods of weed control through availability of weed information in a particular location, otherwise applying different methods of control will not show satisfactory effects. To evaluate the species diversity and population indices of weeds in dry-land winter chickpea fields at four counties of Kermanshah province, 30 fields were investigated in 2015. The sampling was done based on W method at twenty points in each field. All weed species in each quadrate were identified and counted on the basis of genus and species. The indices of density, frequency, uniformity, abundance index, and relative diversity for each species were calculated and 44 weed species belonging to 22 different families were identified: 18% of families belonged to Asteraceae, 13% to Fabaceae, 11% to Brassicaceae, and 9% to Poaceae of all the weeds identified 89 percent of belonged to dicotyledons and 11 percent to monocotyledon. The broad leaf weeds of winter dry-land chickpea of Ravansar county based on dominance were common chicory (Cichorium intybus), european bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), cow cockle (Vaccaria pyramidata) and stichy willie (Galium tricornatum), respectively. In Kermanshah county the european bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), common chicory (Cichorium intybus), stichy willie (Galium tricornatum) and yellow goatsbeard (Tragopogon major), were the dominant weeds, respectively. Also, at Dalahoo county the common chicory (Cichorium intybus), stichy willie (Galium tricornatum), cow cockle (Vaccaria pyramidata) and wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), were dominant weeds, respectively. In west Islamabad county the dominance was related to common chicory (Cichorium intybus), European bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and yellow goatsbeard (Tragopogon major), respectively.

The effect of chemical and biological fertilizer treatments on intercropping of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) evaluated in factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2014. The first factor was including five cropping systems including monoculture of faba bean, monoculture of cumin; three replacement intercropping patterns including row intercropping of faba bean with cumin (1 row faba bean-1 row cumin); strip intercropping as 2 rows faba bean-2 row cumin and 4 rows faba bean-4 rows cumin. The second factor was three levels of fertilizers including 100% chemical fertilizer (50 kg.ha-1 urea힝 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate), 50% chemical fertilizer biofertilizer (Azoto barvar Barvar 2) and Vermicompost (10 ton.ha-1). Results showed that the highest faba bean leaf number was devoted to the 100% chemical fertilizer. The highest values for faba bean yield components were observed in 1:1 intercropping pattern. The highest land equivalent ratio and relative yield total at all fertilizer levels was devoted to 1-1 row intercropping. Also at 2:2 strip intercropping pattern the Vermicompost fertilizer had the highest land equivalent ratio (1.35). The highest relative value total was obtained in 1:1 row intercropping pattern with application of 100% chemical fertilizer that indicates the economic advantage of this planting pattern.

A lot of contaminants are entering to the environment، yearly and cause to accumulate of heavy metals in soil such as copper. In order to investigate the morphological traits، grain yield and yield components of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in contaminated soil by copper with application of EDTA and humic acid، a greenhouse experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors were included application of soil amendment (EDTA and humic acid) at five levels as control (without soil amendment)، 29. 2 and 292. 2 mg. kg-1 EDTA، 1. 25 and 2. 5 mg. kg-1 humic acid، and soil copper quantity at four levels as control (without copper)، 100، 200 and 300 mg. kg-1. The studied traits were height، leaf number and area per plant، branch and pod number per plant، 1000 grain weight، grain yield and shoot dry matter. Increasing of copper concentration in soil decreased morphological traits and yield of oilseed rape. Also positive response of grain yield in polluted soil by using the soil amendment was related to the improved morphological traits and yield components of oilseed rape. Treatment of 292. 2 mg. kg-1 of EDTA produced the highest grain yield of oilseed rape. 29. 2 mg. kg-1 of EDTA، 1. 25 and 2. 5 mg. kg-1 of humic acid increased grain yield، but the difference between these treatments with control was insignificant. The effect of EDTA on all traits except 1000 grain weight was more than humic acid. According to critical levels of copper toxicity in relative shoot dry matter and relative grain yield، low concentrations of amendments increased oilseed rape tolerance to copper toxicity compared with high concentrations of amendments.

In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of bio- and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)، an experiment was carried out as complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture، University of Tabriz، Iran in 2012. The treatments included application of chemical fertilizers of urea (70 Kg/ha) and triple superphosphate (50 Kg/ha)، Bionur bio-fertilizer (foliar application at rate of 1 Kg/ha)، combination of 50% chemical fertilizers and Nitroxin and bio-super phosphate (top-dress application at rate of 3 Kg/ha) and 50% chemical fertilizers and Bionur. Results indicated that the highest chlorophyll index، plant height، 100-grain weight، biological and grain yield were observed at integrated application of 50% chemical fertilizers and Nitroxin and bio-super phosphate and had no significant difference with 50% chemical fertilizers and Bionur bio-fertilizer. Results revealed although replacing chemical fertilizers by bio-fertilizers reduced pinto bean grain yield، integrated application of these sources produced the highest grain yield as well as reduced 50% consumption of chemical fertilizer. Combined use of nitroxin with bio-super phosphate and bionur with chemical fertilizers were more effective than chemical fertilizers and significantly increased grain yield and it can be concluded that bionur could be considered as e new bio-fertilizer in pinto bean grain production.

In order to evaluate the yield and advantage of two- and three-species intercropping of sunflower with corn and soybean، an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University in Tabriz، Iran 2011. The experiment was arranged based on randomized completely block design with 6 treatments and three replications. Treatments were included the pure stand of sunflower، replacement intercropping including two-species intercropping of sunflower and corn in ratio of 3:3، sunflower and soybean in ratio of 3:4، three-species intercropping of sunflower -soybean– corn at ratio of 3:4: 3، three-species intercropping of sunflower- soybean-corn-soybean at ratio of 4:3: 4:3، respectively; and additive intercropping of sunflower with soybean in ratios of 100:20. Results indicated there were not significant differences for plant height، chlorophyll content، seed weight and biological yield of sunflower between pure stand and intercroppings. The leaf number of sunflower was affected significantly by planting pattern and in intercropping treatments was greater than that of sunflower pure stand. The head diameter، number of seeds per head، seed yield and harvest index of sunflower in intercropping of sunflower-maize were lower than them in pure stand and other intercropping treatments. The two-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean had higher grain yield and harvest index than three-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn. The highest and lowest values of land equivalent ratio (LER) were obtained in additive intercropping of sunflower–soybean (1. 37) and replacement corn-sunflower (0. 87). The three-species intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn-soybean had greater LER (1. 01) than intercropping of sunflower-soybean-corn (0. 94). Using three crops in intercropping causes increase in yield and also sustainability in agro-ecosystem.