s. ayari

White-rot basidiomycetes are one of the most important lignolytic microorganisms. These fungi have been reported to secrete three main classes of lignin degrading enzymes: lignin peroxidases (LiPs), manganese peroxidases (MnPs) and laccases. In this study, for the first time the lignin degrading capability of two plant pathogens i.e. Hyphodermella rosae and H. corrugata was evaluated using both biochemical and molecular methods. Biochemical analyses included tannic acid, azur-B clearance, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), α-naphthol and Syringaldazine test. Genes encoding for each enzyme were amplified using two pairs of degenerate primers. In the case of MnP, the primers from the previous studies failed to amplify the gene for Hyphodermella as well as control species, hence new primers were designed. The results from biochemical and molecular analyses confirmed the potential of both the Hyphodermella species to produce LiPs and MnPs, whereas they tested negative in terms of laccase production. Similar to the model white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium,laccase production may not be required for lignin decomposition by the Hyphodermella species treated in this study.

APG2 is a computer application designed for amphibole-plagioclase geothermobarometry. It is the first updated version of APG and supports 4 thermometer models and 6 barometer models involving either amphibole-plagioclase or amphibole only. APG2 has capability to integrate all 4 thermometer models with 6 barometer models and produce 24 different states which user can export them all at once to an Excel table. APG2 works in both graphical and analytical way. APG2 is also able to calculate the H2O content and Oxygen fugacity (logfO2) of magma hosting amphiboles.

To study the effect of 5- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on some physiological responses of Capsicum annuum under drought stress, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design in four replications was carried out in greenhouse. This study was conducted with two main factors, 5-aminolevulinic acid in four concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM) and drought stress in three levels (irrigation at 100, 60 and 30% of field capacity). Exogenous application of 5- aminolevulinic acid protected pepper against drought stress that its protective effect was related to regulation of antioxidant enzymes. 5- aminolevulinic acid had significant effects on yield, total phenols, soluble sugars, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, hydrogen peroxide concentration and leaf area, tolerance and harvest indices. In drought stress condition, total phenol content, soluble sugar contents, free radicals, hydrogen peroxide and activities of superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in leaves increased while growth parameters decreased. Thus it can be stated that the pepper plant treated with 5 - aminolevulinic acid the activity of antioxidant enzymes and compounds such as soluble sugar and total phenol improve and amend the effect of drought stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics.

Alkaline crude enzymes from the viscera of the Tunisian barbel (Barbus callensis) were extracted and characterized. Proteolytic crude extract from barbel viscera was active and stable in alkaline solution. The optimum pH and temperature were 11.0 and 55 °C, respectively, using casein as a substrate. The crude alkaline protease was extremely stable in the pH range of 5.0-12.0. Zymography activity staining using casein as a substrate showed the presence of at least five distinct proteases. The crude alkaline proteases showed stability towards various surfactants, bleach agents and compatibility with some commercial detergents. Alkaline proteases from the viscera of the barbel were tested in chicken feather-degradation and showed important feather degrading activity. Complete solubilisation of whole feathers was observed after 24h of incubation at 50°C. Additionally, crude alkaline protease demonstrated powerful capabilities of hair removal from skin and the collagen, the major leather-forming protein, was not significantly degraded. Considering its promising properties, alkaline crude enzyme from the viscera of the Tunisian barbel may be considered as a potential candidate for future use in several biotechnological processes.

High level of sodium chloride is known to be the most widespread cause of saline soil environmental stress in dry and semi dry lands that ceases growth and yield of crop species. An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of potassium nitrate on certain morphological and physiological characteristics of two tropical lawn, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum vaginatum, under salt stress through 1390-91at the Research Farm Station of Horticultural at the Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. Plants were treated with four different concentrations of potassium nitrate (0, 5, 10, 15 ml) and four different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 4, 6, 8 des/m). Results of this experiment showed that salinity significantly effects growth parameters at the probability level of 1%. It was observed that when salt stress increased, the saline soil significantly reduced leaf length and width, LAI, length and diameter of stem and stolon, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, RWC and chlorophyll content, whereas proline and electrolyte leakage increased due to accumulation of salt within the soil. Amung (KNO3) treatments, application of l0 ml was recognized as the best treatment that (p≤0.01) showing positive interaction effect on the plant cheracters except total chlorophylls and leaf area.

Droughts, Floods, and extremes of meteorological parameters are among the cases which may happen due to climate change. This phenomenon highly affects agricultural products. Therefore, analysis of effective rainfall is one of the important sources of soil moisture. Therefore, analysis of effective rainfall in planning of dry farming is essential. In this study two downscale models (ASD and LARS-WG5) were used for prediction of changes in effective rainfall. The models were run for 3 future periods of 30 years in 19 synoptic stations which are located in different climatic zones of Iran. The results showed that effective rainfall in Zahedan station will increase 2.35, 2.32, and 2.31 times in next future 30 years periods. These values for Yazd are 3.1,3.0 and 3.0, respectively.

Shear strength is one of the most important properties of mudrocks and shales in rock engineering and engineering geology. Because of the difficulty to obtain undisturbed samples of shales as required for determination of shear strength parameters, it is also the most difficult to evaluate. This research investigated properties that can be used to predict the shear strength parameters of Shemshak formation shales. Thirty samples of shales from various depths were collected from boreholes in Shemshak formation in the site of Siahbishe pumped storage powerhouse. Shear strength parameters (c and φ), tensile strength (TS), quartz percent (Qz %), porosity (n) and density (ρ) were determined in lab for each sample. Data were analyzed statistically and with fuzzy inference system to determine the relationships between shear strength parameters with other properties. Results show that cohesion and friction angle of shales can be meaningfully predicted from a few engineering properties by fuzzy inference system. The adjusted R2 values between measured and predicted values for cohesion and friction angle are 0.95 and 0.84 respectively. Also the variation of regression coefficient (R2), performance indices (VAF) and root mean square error (RMSE) with were calculated as for the shear strength parameters, obtained from the multiple regression modeland the fuzzyinference system, revealed that the prediction performance and accuracy of the fuzzy models are high and multiple regression equations not have performance in prediction of shear strength parameters of shales.

Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is an apicomplexan parasite and causes abortion and congenital neosporosis in cattle worldwide. In this study, we evaluate the virulence of a N. caninum isolate on mouse strain C57BL/6. Six groups of five mice C57BL/6 were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 × l07, 1.5 × l07, 2 × l07, 3 × l07 and 4 × l07 tachyzoites and a control inoculum of DMEM, respectively. Clinical signs and mortality rate were recorded and confirmed by histopathological findings and molecular method. The results of this study indicated that LD50 was 2.5 × l07 tachyzoites of N. caninum per C57BL/6 mouse. This can be used as a lethal challenge model in vaccine development studies.

The uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of deformability of intact rocks are highly important parameters for rock engineering and engineering geology projects. Because of the difficulty of measuring these parameters and the need for laboratory equipments for their prediction, indirect methods are often used. In this study, some predictive models using regression analysis and fuzzy inference system have been developed for the Shales cropping out in the Shemshak formation in Siahbishe area. For this purpose, a series of easy measurable parameters such as density, porosity and point load index were applied. Both multiple regression analyses and the fuzzy inference system exhibited good performance in prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of deformability. The variation of regression coefficient (R2), performance indices (VAF) and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated as for the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of deformability obtained from the multiple regression model and the fuzzy inference system revealed that the prediction performances and accuracy of the fuzzy model are higher than those of multiple regression equations in prediction of uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of deformability.

Geothermobarometry equations are based on thermodynamic principles and appear in single or multi-variant functions. The number of variants for a specific composition or reaction usually is reduced into 2 involving temperature (T) and pressure (P). Since most of planned equations have two passive or variant P and T, using these equations should be with special care. It is very effective to use graphical method to apply geothermobarometry functions. Graphical method is a fundamental way to solve the math functions. In the graphical method two consistent geothermobarometry equations, which both have at least one share variant (P or T), are selected in order to achieve P and T. These selected equations should be applicable for the same reaction or rock. In this method selected thermobarometry equations are drawn on a P-T diagram and then intersection point of them which introduces asked temperature and pressure will be obtained. One of the most common geothermobarometry equations, suitable for intermediate magmatic rocks, is amphibole-plagioclase thermometry and amphibole barometry. APG software program introduced in this paper is specialized and designed for calculating equilibrium temperature and pressure of amphibole and plagioclase within an igneous rock. In this software program, Pressure and temperature are estimated coincidently based on the graphical method.

Salinity stress results to decreasing leaf area index (LAI) and light absorption in plant leading in yield decrease. In order to study effect of salinity and iron sulphate on LAI, absorbed light percentage and yield of sunflower (Euroflor cultivar), an experiment was carried out as split plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications in the Research Field of University of Birjand on 2009. In this experiment main plots were different levels of irrigation with saline water and subplot was levels of Iron Sulphate. Results showed that with decreased LAI and light absorption, yield was negatively responded to salinity. One way for recovery of light absorption in salinity condition is spraying iron sulphate. The Highest light absorption percentage up to 70.34% was obtained in control condition with the LAI of 3. In this condition yield of sunflower was 4250 kg/ha. Iron sulphate spraying reduced the negative effects of salinity on LAI

The climate change was known to force local hydrology, through changes in the pattern of precipitation, temperature and the other hydrological variables. In this research, the impact of global warming on maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration (wheat, corn, tomato and sugar beet) of Kashafrood basin under two climate change scenarios (A2 and B2), and the output of two GCM models (HadCM3 and CGCM2) for three period of times (2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099), were investigated. For evaluation two scenarios were downscaled into local level with Automated Statistical Downscaling (ASD) model. Precipitation was expected to decrease and/or increase, depends on applied GCM. The results indicated that the annual precipitation decreased for three periods under CGCM2 model and also for two scenarios (A2 and B2) as much as 13%-16% decreasing, the annual precipitation for three periods under HadCM3 model and two scenarios (A2 and B2) as much as 2%-8% increasing. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the Kashafrood basin was predicted, which increased by CGCM2 and HadCM3 models with two scenarios. Based on the HadCM3 model, maximum and minimum temperatures were expected to increase 2.4 0C to 5.8 0C and 0.6 0C to 3.8 0C, respectively; for 2070-2099 periods. For CGCM2 model, maximum and minimum temperatures were expected to increase 0.06 0C to 2.59 0C and 0.1 0C to 1.9 0C respectively; for 2070-2099. Evapotranspiration under A2 and B2 scenarios and HadCM3 model was increased but increasing in evapotranspiration with CGCM2 model under both scenarios was not significant in many cases. The comparison of two models and also two scenarios indicated that more critical status for A2 scenario by using two GCM models for this basin.

The climate change was known to force local hydrology, through changes in the pattern of precipitation, temperature and the other hydrological variables. In this research, the impact of global warming on maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration (wheat, corn, tomato and sugar beet) of Kashafrood basin under two climate change scenarios (A2 and B2), and the output of two GCM models (HadCM3 and CGCM2) for three period of times (2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099), were investigated. For evaluation two scenarios were downscaled into local level with Automated Statistical Downscaling (ASD) model. Precipitation was expected to decrease and/or increase, depends on applied GCM. The results indicated that the annual precipitation decreased for three periods under CGCM2 model and also for two scenarios (A2 and B2) as much as 13%-16% decreasing, the annual precipitation for three periods under HadCM3 model and two scenarios (A2 and B2) as much as 2%-8% increasing. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the Kashafrood basin was predicted, which increased by CGCM2 and HadCM3 models with two scenarios. Based on the HadCM3 model, maximum and minimum temperatures were expected to increase 2.4 0C to 5.8 0C and 0.6 0C to 3.8 0C, respectively; for 2070-2099 periods. For CGCM2 model, maximum and minimum temperatures were expected to increase 0.06 0C to 2.59 0C and 0.1 0C to 1.9 0C respectively; for 2070-2099. Evapotranspiration under A2 and B2 scenarios and HadCM3 model was increased but increasing in evapotranspiration with CGCM2 model under both scenarios was not significant in many cases. The comparison of two models and also two scenarios indicated that more critical status for A2 scenario by using two GCM models for this basin.

Human rotavirus genotypes G1-G4, G9, P[4] and P[8] are major worldwide causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. Rotavirus genotype G1P[8] is predominant in many countries. In this study, the genotypic diversity of group A rotaviruses were detected in children <5 years of age who were treated for dehydration and diarrhea in Tehran, Iran from October 2004 to September 2008. A total of 700 stool specimens were collected from children and assessed for the presence of rotaviruses by the dsRNA-PAGE technique. G and P typing of the positive samples were performed by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Rotaviruses were isolated in 19% of samples. A total of 14 rotavirus dsRNA different electrophoretypes were detected. The predominant genotype was G1 (76.3%), followed by G4 (11.5%), G8 (0.8%), P[4] (9.2%) and P[8] (66.4%), respectively. In mixed type samples, the majority were of genotype G1P[8] (53.4%), followed by G1P[4] (9.2%) and G4P[8] (4.6%). Mixed types consisted of 3.1% of the total sample followed by G1G2/-P (1.5%), G1G4P[4] (0.8%) and G1G4P[8] (0.8%). In this study, a high prevalence of the G1P[8] genotype was determined to be the cause of childhood gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. The sequence of G and P genotypes showed high levels of similarity to strains from other Asian countries. Our data will be useful for future vaccine formulation in Iran.

Accurate prediction of hourly minimum temperature is required for various crop models which simulate photosynthesis and transpiration. Such data can be used for crop protection and reducing the crops injuries due to freezing as well. Our objective of this study is employing trigonometric and pattern recognition (k-NN) approaches to evaluate their potential in prediction of hourly temperature for the whole 24 hours and also minimum temperature time occurrence. Our observed data contain every 3 hours minimum temperature data for 16 years of synoptic Mashhad climate station. Various scenarios were employed to predict the minimum temperature for first of Aban and first of Ordibehesht using, 1 day, 7 days, 110 days and 315 days observed data for next day minimum temperature prediction. Our results showed that if there is no full access or partly access to the minimum temperature data then the trigonometric function including Sine function is able to reproduce the required data. k-NN approach showed that as the distance of data to target data decreased the accuracy of prediction increased.

The seamen at sea to meet with different important missions and face crises in sea sand Since teaching in control and advent of crisis plays a major role, this article has engaged in the study of the relationship of naval practical teachings with the management of the naval crisis. On this basic, the theory of the research is a relationship between the naval practical teaching of the students in naval Universities and the management of the crisis. the method used is descriptive-correlative and collection data is a question naire, for analyze used inferential descriptive statistics. On this basis, out of 691 persons from Commanders of the navy, according to the table of kerjesy, 248 persons were randomly chosen in the form of ranking and the study of the theories of the research were carried out, and the theory of the research was confirmed with the 99% assurance.

Eocene volcanic rocks of north Anarak area are as scattered as masses. These rocks cross the Anarak schists and Ashin-Zavar ophiolites but had not metamorphosed them. Their outcrops follow the direction of within the area faults. Mineralogicaly, these rocks are limited in composition from Andesi-Basalt and Andesite to Dacite. These rocks have phenocrysts of amphibole and plagioclase in microcrystalline and microlitic matrix. The andesitic and andesibasaltic rocks in the study area have a lot of enclaves that contain many amphiboles. Type of the amphiboles is Magnesiohastingsite. Similarity of composition of amphiboles and biotites in the volcanic rocks and their enclaves indicate that these volcanic rocks and their enclaves are possibly cogenesis. There are three types of feldspar in these rocks that are andesine-oligoclase, alkali feldspar and bytownite. Bytownite is found only in certain enclaves. Geothermometry studies on phenocrysts of plagioclase and amphibole, that are in equilibrium, indicate that crystallization temperature of these phenocrysts is 835°c to 925°c.

The correlation of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scarring is well known. Several risk factors for renal parenchymal lesions have been reported previously. We determine the incidence of renal parenchymal damage and outcome in the siblings of children with primary VUR. A total of 96 siblings of patients with VUR, were evaluated with direct voiding cystography, 99m-technetium (Tc)-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy and renal ultrasonography (US). Of 96 siblings, 34 were found to have VUR, representing an incidence of 35.4%. The majority of siblings with abnormal DMSA scans were asymptomatic. Parenchymal abnormalities were determined by DMSA in 23 (69.6%) of the 33 siblings studied (37 of 46 refluxing renal units or 80.4% P <0.001). Of these, 10 (30.3%) were normal. Renal damage was mild, moderate and severe in 30.3%, 54.5%, and 15.2% of children, respectively. Renal US in 34 siblings with VUR was normal in 27 (79.4%) and abnormal in 7 (20.5%). Of the 33 siblings with VUR who had both renal cortical scintigraphy and renal US, DMSA and US findings were abnormal in 23 and 7 of the siblings, respectively. Parenchymal abnormalities on scintigraphy were associated with mild-to-moderate reflux in 51.5% and severe reflux in 72.7% renal units. This study confirms a significant overall incidence of renal parenchymal damage in 69.6% and VUR in 35.4% of siblings studied. Most importantly, the lack of symptoms within the siblings group can not be used as a reason to avoid screening process. DMSA scintigraphy of asymptomatic siblings appears to be beneficial in preventing renal injury