s. azadi

One of the strategies for agricultural development is the optimal use of irrigation and drainage networks, which will lead to higher productivity and environmental protection. The present study used the system dynamics approach to develop a model for simulating the cultivated area of the Shahid Chamran irrigation and drainage network located in Khuzestan province by considering environmental issues. Limit test and sensitivity analysis were used for model validation. The results showed the proper performance of the model and the logical relationship between its parameters. Also, the cropping pattern of the network was determined in two modes of non-stepwise and stepwise changes to determine the optimal cultivated area of the Shahid Chamran network with environmental objectives and minimize the amount of salt from drains. The results showed that the amount of optimized output salt from the network has decreased in both non-stepwise and stepwise changes compared to the existing situation in the region. The total output salt in the current situation, from 2013 to 2017, was obtained at 2799, 2649, 2749, 2298, and 2004 tons.day-1, respectively, in the stepwise changes, are 2739, 2546, 2644, 2223, and 1952 tons.day-1, and finally, in the non-stepwise changes, are 2363, 2309, 2481, 2151, and 1912 tons.day-1. The results showed that the non-stepwise changes due to considered limitations have been more successful in reducing output salt than the stepwise changes. The analysis of the results showed the model's success in optimizing and achieving the desired goals. The results showed that the present model has good accuracy in simulating and optimizing the irrigation network, cropping pattern, and defining other scenarios.

In the present study, a model was developed using a system dynamics approach to simulate and optimize the profitability of crops of the Jofeyr (Isargaran) Irrigation and Drainage Network located in Khuzestan Province. To validate the results, the statistical indicators of root mean square error (RMSE), standard error (SE), mean biased error (MBE), and determination coefficient (R2) were used. To validate the simulation results of the benefit-cost ratio, the values of these indicators were obtained 0.25, 0.19, 0.005, and 0.96, respectively. Then, to determine the optimal cultivated area of the network and increase the profitability, the cropping pattern was determined both non-stepwise and stepwise in 2013 to 2017 cropping years. In the non-stepwise, the cultivated area of each crop changed from zero to 2 times of current situation. In stepwise, due to social and cultural conditions of inhabitants, this change was slow and 10% of the current situation every year. The analysis of the results showed the success of the model in optimizing and achieving the desired goals and the total benefit-cost ratio increased in all years both non-stepwise and stepwise. For example, in 2017 compared to 2016, production costs decreased by 7.1 percent and sales prices increased by 5.8 percent, and increased the benefit-cost in 2017 compared to the previous year. The results showed that the present model has good accuracy in simulating and optimizing the irrigation network, its cropping pattern, and defining other scenarios.

Due to the air pollution crisis and increase in greenhouse gases, emission standards are getting tougher gradually. In the other hand reducing the consumption of nonrenewable resources is one of the main goals of the automotive industries in the world. Using electric propulsion along with internal combustion engine is one of the answers. Different designs of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) have been represented in recent years. Considering the limitations and cost of these vehicles, mild hybrid technology is one of the main choices of manufacturers. These vehicles can be a cost effective choice due to low variation in propulsion system and components, along with its reliability. This paper discusses the reduction of fuel consumption caused by implementing a 48V mild hybrid system in a conventional vehicle. A complete internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicle model, is simulated through the GT-SUITE software and fuel consumption during the NEDC & WLTC driving cycles is studied. Based on results, mild hybrid system provides respectively 5% & 9% better fuel economy in WLTC & NEDC driving cycles.

Nowadays, the use of small vehicles is spreading among urban areas and one sort of these vehicles are three-wheeled vehicles (TWVs) which can be competitive with four-wheeled urban vehicles (FWVs) in aspects such as smallness, simple manufacturing, and low tire rolling resistance, fuel consumption and so on. The most critical instability associated with TWVs is the roll over. In this paper a tilt control mechanism has been modeled which can reduce the danger of roll over by leaning the vehicle towards the turning center in order to decrease the amount of lateral load transfer (LLT), and by doing so, system combines the dynamical abilities of a passenger car with a motorcycle. A 3 degree of freedom vehicle model is simulated at constant speed in MATLAB-Simulink environment and a fuzzy algorithm is developed to control such a non-linear system with appropriate tilting torque. Results are interpreted in presence and absence of controller with different longitudinal speeds and steering inputs the results are also compared to behavior of a similar FWV and this is concluded that the tilt control system could countervail deficiencies of the TWV compared to the FWV.

To study the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of three durum wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Dehloran Research Station in Ilam, Iran in 2011-2012 cropping season. Experimental factors consisted of durum wheat (Yavaroosm, Kharkheh and Simareh) was assigned to main plot and nitrogen fertilizers at 3 levels (40, 80 and 120 kg.ha-1) and bio-fertilizer (non-inoculation, inoculating with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense) to sub plot. Results of analysis of variance showed that among cultivars studied there were significantly differences at traits under study. Yavaroos had the highest plant height, 1000- grain weight, and biological yield. The highest plant height, 1000- grain weight, biological yield and protein content was obtained by application of 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer, but there were not different effect between 80 and 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Traits under study were affected by using bio-fertilizer. The highest plant height, number grain per spike, 1000- grain weight, grain yield were obtained from inoculation plants with bio-fertilizer. The effect of cultivar by nitrogen chemical fertilizer interaction had significant effect on plant height, number of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, and spike per meter squared and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from Yavaroos using 120 kg/ha and the lowest grain was observed from Simareh cultivar and 40 kg/ha. Interaction effect of cultivar and bio- fertilizer had significant effect on harvest index only. Nitrogen fertilizer by bio- fertilizer interaction had significant effect on only grain yield, spike/m-2 and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from Yavaroos cultivar when it were inoculation with Azospirillum 120 kg/ha and the lowest grain yield observed Simareh cultivar when it was treated with 40 kg/ha.

In this article a recommended method is introduced for face recognition in colored images, based on combination of template matching, conversions of color filter. In this method, firstly based on the recommended Gaussian filter, skin points of image based on a cluster including all the elements of skin are determined and by extraction of color elements, the standard of skin color separation is determined. Then the linked areas similar to skin color that are separated from different parts of image are introduced as recognized face by template matching and based on a model. The results of simulation on an induced images bank show that the above mentioned method has not only a low positive and negative mean error but also a high resistance against noise.