s. habibi

In today's world, challenges related to agriculture, food security, water and energy resources, productivity, and greenhouse gas emissions have emerged as significant issues for global societies. Through their international impacts, these challenges have led to economic, social, and environmental changes on a global scale. One of the most crucial issues that should be highlighted is the shortage of water resources. Water, as a vital factor in agriculture and food production, holds special importance. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to pay attention to the energy indicators, the efficiency of water consumption in the production of agricultural products and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. In general, a combination of energy indicators, water efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture can help to develop sustainable agriculture and preserve the environment and help to provide safe and accessible food for the society. The aim of the present study was to investigate the indicators of physical water, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions on alfalfa and barley crops in two different climates: a warm and arid climate (Shahr-e-Qom Plain, Qom) and a temperate and humid climate (Sari Plain, Mazandaran). This was done to assess the impact of climate on the outcomes of these indicators.

To investigate the physical water efficiency and evaluate energy indicators in this study, major agricultural products in Sari and Sharifabad Plains, including barley and alfalfa, were analyzed using cross-sectional data from the agricultural year 2021-2022. Initially, the sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula and the Bartlett method (2001). Subsequently, sampling was carried out using a questionnaire designed by the researchers themselves. The questionnaires totaled 250 (Sari Plain: 150, Sharifabad Plain: 100), and the collected information included the amount of input consumption and production quantity. The questionnaire, designed by the researcher, was validated for validity and reliability by experts and specialists. The inputs used in the study of water efficiency and energy indicators for the mentioned products in Sari and Sharifabad Plains included person-days of human labor, machine working hours, fuel consumption of machines, the quantity of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers per hectare, the quantity of various chemical pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) per liter per hectare, the amount of water consumption in cubic meters per hectare, and the amount of seed consumption in kilograms per hectare.

The results of the descriptive statistics of input consumption in Sari and Sharifabad Plains in barley and alfalfa crops showed that the highest input consumption of manpower in the cultivation of alfalfa crops in Sharifabad Plains with an average of 225 hours per hectare, the highest amount of fertilizer consumption related to the alfalfa crop in Sharifabad Plain is related to nitrogen fertilizer with an average of 130 kg per hectare, the highest amount of fuel consumption of machinery related to alfalfa crop in Sari Plain with an average of 405 liters per hectare, the highest amount of water consumption related to alfalfa crop in Sharifabad Plains with an average of 17500 cubic meters per hectare and the highest yield of alfalfa was obtained in Sharifabad Plains with an average of 11550 kg per hectare. The obtained results indicated that the highest input energy level in Sharifabad Plain for alfalfa was 5,674.50 MJ per hectare. The results of energy efficiency indicated that alfalfa production in Shahrifabad Plain had the highest value with 0.19 kilograms per MJ, while this index for alfalfa in Sari Plain was 0.13 kilograms per MJ. Additionally, the energy efficiency for barley in Shahrifabad Plain was 0.13 kilograms per MJ, and for Sari Plain, it was 0.12 kilograms per MJ, showing a somewhat similar level. The physical water use efficiency results revealed that the highest and lowest efficiency levels were observed for barley in Sari Plain, amounting to 0.96 kilograms per cubic meter, and for alfalfa in Shahrifabad Plain, amounting to 0.57 kilograms per cubic meter, respectively. Furthermore, this index for alfalfa in Sari Plain was 0.67 kilograms per cubic meter, and for barley in Shahrifabad Plain, was 0.8 kilograms per cubic meter. The results for greenhouse gas emissions demonstrated that the level of emissions in Sari Plain was higher than Sharifabad Plain, attributed to excessive fertilizer and pesticide use in Sari Plain. The highest greenhouse gas emissions in Sari Plain for alfalfa were 2681.65 kilograms of CO2 per hectare, while in Sharifabad Plain, was 2351.85 kilograms of CO2 per hectare.

The overall results indicated that crop performance in humid regions was not higher than in dry and semi-arid regions, and this index depends on various parameters, including water consumption and managerial considerations. However, water consumption in temperate and humid regions is significantly lower than in dry and semi-arid areas due to higher precipitation. This result is increased efficiency in temperate and humid regions.

Supplying vitamin D during pregnancy is necessary for fetal calcium homeostasis and bone growth and its mineralization, and its deficiency can lead to pregnancy complications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin D level on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 pregnant women referring to Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol. Mothers' information was collected using a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from people to measure the serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 level by ELISA method using the EUROIMMUN kit. Patients were divided into two groups (vitamin D level< 25 and vitamin D level> 25) and were compared.

247 people (54.8%) had vitamin D level< 25 and 203 people (44.8%) had vitamin D level> 25. People with lower vitamin D levels had significantly more gestational hypertension (p=0.03) and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (p=0.04) compared to people with higher vitamin D levels. The variables of labor pain, diabetes, fetal growth restriction and prolonged pregnancy did not show significant differences in people with high and low levels of vitamin D. Pregnancy complications including pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, placental abruption and fetal growth restriction did not show any significant difference in people with high and low levels of vitamin D. In the evaluation of neonatal outcomes, infant weight, infant gender, fifth minute Apgar, head circumference and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, no significant differences were found.

The results of the study showed that some pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in pregnant women are related to vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to design plans to check the vitamin D level of mothers before pregnancy and correct it during pregnancy.

The purpose of this study was to present a paradigm model of institutionalization of professional ethics in faculty members of physical education and sports sciences.

The present study was conducted by a qualitative method using a systematic approach of grounded theory (GT). The statistical population consisted of academic professors and experts in professional ethics; and sampling was performed by convenience and Snowball method. The validity of interviews was determined by a method by Lincoln & Guba as well as using the reliability of test-retest between codes at two time intervals.

The identified concepts were classified into the following six main categories and a paradigm model of research was created according to their association: 1) Causal conditions (personality, personal, scientific (knowledge) and ethical factors), 2) Central category (institutionalization of professional ethics), 3) Strategies (qualification of promotion, monitoring and evaluation, and attraction process), 4) Contextual factors (effective communication; motivational features; specialization; and fair evaluation), 5) Intervening factors (political, cultural and economic factors), 6) Consequences (building trust and gaining the respect; extension of ethics; optimal performance; and creation of a positive competition culture).

The attention to the above subjects and their implementation can lead to positive consequences, including the faculty members' optimal performance, extension of ethics at sports science universities, building mutual trust between students and professors, and finally creation of a competition culture in a positive, ethical atmosphere.

There are many studies to investigate the effects of each interacting component of tumor-immune system interactions. In all these studies, the distinct effect of each component was investigated. As the interaction of tumor-immune system has feedback and is complex, the alternation of each component may affect other components indirectly.

Because of the complexities of tumor-immune system interactions, it is important to determine the mutual behavior of such components. We need a careful observation to extract these mutual interactions. Achieving these observations using experiments is costly and time-consuming.

In this experimental and based on mathematical modeling study, to achieve these observations, we presented a fuzzy structured agent-based model of tumor-immune system interactions. In this study, we consider the confronting of the effector cells of the adaptive immune system in the presence of the cytokines of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) as a fuzzy structured model. Using the experimental data of murine models of B16F10 cell line of melanoma cancer cells, we optimized the parameters of the model.

Using the output of this model, we determined the rules which could occur. As we optimized the parameters of the model using escape state of the tumor and then the rules which we obtained, are the rules of tumor escape.

The results showed that using fuzzy structured agent-based model, we are able to show different output of the tumor-immune system interactions, which are caused by the stochastic behavior of each cell. But different output of the model just follow the predetermined behavior, and using this behavior, we can achieve the rules of interactions.

In order to investigate the effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet corn, a field study was conducted in 2011 cropping season in Agriculture Experiment Station of College of Agriculture, University of Guilan. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatment consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha-1) and integrated N of chemical and biological (23 kg N ha-1 + 1 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, 46 kg N ha-1 + 2 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, and 69 kg N ha-1 +3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost) and organic sources (2, 4 and 6 ton ha-1). Effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on fresh ear yield, grain yield canned, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent had significant. With increscent nitrogen at treatments nitrogen fertilizer, organic ant integrated farming yield fresh ear, grain yield, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent increased. Maximum yield fresh ear was obtained with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost with an average 14595.9 kg ha-1. Maximum forage yield and dry forage yield obtained with an average 18619.5 and 3593 kg ha-1 at treatment with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost. Results of this research showed that the best grain yield and quality, and forage yield and quality of sweet corn were obtained in integrated farming and organic methods in Rasht region conditions and same climatology conditions.