s. hemmati

The theme of martyrdom in the field of ancient sciences such as jurisprudence, mysticism and philosophy and new sciences such as sociology and law has been and is the subject of many debates. But in this literary topic, martyrdom is examined from the perspective of the myth of death awareness to understand immortality and the act of selfsacrifice, and the martyr in the image of the archetypal hero. Tracing the motif of martyrdom from the ancient and mythological past literature to the historical era and the present day in the reference texts, including epic, lyrical, religious and mystical works can be researched. The main issue in this article is to find old elements and themes that have appeared until now (recurring) in the background and flow of heroic and martyrdom literature in the period after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, which has been interpreted as the period of revolutionary renaissance. This research provides a comprehensive understanding and a complete definition of this Iranian Islamic literary genre.

In this research, the poems and poetry notebooks of eleven poets of the revolution were examined in a descriptive-analytical way, and the motifs in them were counted and analyzed in terms of the meaning of martyrdom.

Based on this research, martyrdom literature has certain repetitive elements throughout the history of literary creations and has recognizable characteristics.

All textual (historical) and literary (imaginary) elements of martyrdom have been repeated from the distant past until today. except that they have lost their color in a specific time or place and have regained color and brightness in a new situation. The symbol of immortality is the fundamental element and central signifier in the phenomenon of martyrdom, and its reflection is more evident in literature than other motifs.

Natural gas transmission pipelines have a vital role in human life and thus, they are classified as lifelines. Long-term disruption in the pipeline operation due to landslides would have substantial direct and indirect consequences. Landslides are generally accompanied by large movements of the ground and result in the deformation of the pipeline and the surrounding soil. In buried pipelines, a significant length of the pipeline moves relative to the soil during a landslide. This movement activates the friction between the soil and the pipeline. The location where the relative movement and the friction diminish to zero is called the virtual anchor point. The clear distance between this point and the landslide where the relative movement occurs is known as the anchor length. Active length of the pipeline is the distance between two virtual anchor points on either side of the landslide and it is the sum of the two anchor lengths and the width of the landslide. During a landslide, the pipe within this length would be highly stressed and it is prone to failure. The active length is considered as the protected length and to reduce the risk of pipe rupture, construction of bents, joints, and equipment should be avoided within this length. Thus, an accurate estimate of this length is an important consideration in the design process. In this study, finite element analyses are carried out to evaluate the anchor lengths of common gas transmission pipelines in Iran. The analyses are performed using Ansys software platform. The pipe is modeled by nonlinear pipe elements and the pipe-soil interaction is modeled by Winkler springs. Buried pipes with diameters of 12, 20, 30, and 48 inches under internal pressure of zero, 500, 1000 psi in two different soils are analyzed. The results of the analyses indicate that the anchor length increases with increasing pipe diameter. The soil properties also significantly affect the anchor length, but the internal pressure has only marginal effect on the anchor length. The relevant equation of the anchor length provided by the PRCI guidelines is about 35% less than the anchor length obtained from the analyses. A more accurate equation for the anchor length is proposed in this study.

This paper presents a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model as well as a solution method based on the Benders decomposition algorithm for optimal design of sustainable Energy Hub (EH). A modeling framework to consider environmental (Env) and social (Soc) impacts of the EH's components is incorporated to achieve sustainable EH. First, the life cycles of different components are analyzed in order to determine Env and Soc impacts. Then, the EH design model is developed by using scenarios-based stochastic programming integrating Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) in its objective function as a risk criterion to deal with uncertain nature of parameters. Benders decomposition (BD) algorithm is used to decompose the original problem in order to address heavy computational burden of the problem, especially when a large number of scenarios is used to properly represent uncertainties. The results shows effectiveness of the proposed BD to handle large problem sizes compared to the CPLEX solver and indicates that taking the external cost into account resulted in higher renewable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the optimal configuration, which have lower negative Env and Soc impacts. Also, strength of stochastic programming in handling data uncertainty and controlling risk level is investigated.

Residues of medicinal plants after extraction and weeds are suitable candidates for bioethanol production. Significant barriers exist to make the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock to biofuel cost effective and environmentally friendly; one of which is the lignin polymer. Brassicaceae family is one of the potential targets for biofuel production. The structural characteristics of lignin from Hirschfeldia incana, Sisymbrium altissimum and Cardaria draba were studied in comparison to that of Brassica napus.

Lignin deposition was observed by phloroglucinol and Mäule staining. The total lignin content was determined by Klason method. Maximum UV absorbance and FT-IR spectra were compared. Ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin (S/G ratio) as a metric of lignin digestibility was determined by DFRC followed by GC-MS analysis. 1H-NMR spectra of the total lignin was compared with other spectroscopic methods.

Staining of thestem cross sections of C. draba showed higher G units in contrast to the higher S units in S. altissimum which was in agreement with 1H-NMR analysis. Total lignin content for H. incana, C. draba and S. altissimum was 27.10%, 23.8% and 24.5%, respectively. The specific maximum UV absorbance appeared between 230-260 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of more aromatic structures in the seed maturation stage than the flowering stage. S/G ratio was 0.26, 0.10 and 0.22 for H. incana, C. draba and S. altissimum, respectively. 

Except Cardaria draba with the predominance of G subunits in lignin polymer, Hirschfeldia incana and Sisymbrium altissimum are suitable candidates for bioethanol production.