s.h. nabavi

Humans, as social groups, are always interacting with each other to meet their needs. Today, this interaction has encountered with many challenges, with one being the extreme preference of individual and personal interests and ignoring collective ones. In Iranian society, this problem has a long history, but now it has become acute. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of preference of individual over collective interests in everyday life of citizens in Tehran. The survey sample size was estimated to be 385 people through Cochran's formula, and the required data was collected through multi-stage cluster sampling method from regions 1, 7, 11, 14 and 20 of Tehran in the winter of 2019. The explanation was also based on the concepts taken from culture-base theories of Parsons (affective neutrality), Merton (reference group and innovation) and Homans (stimulus proposition) and their synthesis. For this purpose, bivariate and multivariate tests were used. The findings showed that even in the traumatic situation of Covid-19, when according to Durkheim's theories, people should always prioritize collective interests over individual ones; a considerable number of respondents (94%) prioritized individual interests. They prefer collective interests, with market place shrewdness attitude and culture playing a major role. Specifically, it became clear that the higher the emotional neutrality, higher the tendency to reference groups, tendency to innovation, and tendency to stimulus, the preference of individual interests over collective interests.

The paper aims to identify the semantic implication of moral and normal subjects, and mechanisms of their reconstruction in the family institution. For this purpose, here Stuart Hall’s representation approach and Jeffrey Alexander's strong research program have been applied to reach the conclusion on the main research questions: What is the semantic implication of moral and normal subjects in the family? And what is the mechanism for reconstructing a moral subject in the family? 65 notes and editorials published in Shargh, Etemad-e Melli and Hamshahri newspapers in one section as well as Javan and Kayhan were selected and reviewed in the course of the study. Newspapers in the other section, representing the murder of Romina Ashrafi, were examined using a narrative research framework and thematic analysis. Findings reveal that in both sections, similar components of individual ethics in the family institution are represented as a normal ideal of a unified world in the network of obedience and submission.

Prevention of slipping accidents requires provision of adequate friction through the use of suitable combinations of footwear and underfoot surfaces. Shoe sole tread groove is one of the important factors on friction coefficient during walking. To measure the effect of different shoe sole tread groove depths and different surfaces on the required quotient of friction (Q), heel strike velocity and occurrence time of ground reaction forces (GRF) in stance phase during walking on slippery and dry surfaces. In this semi-experimental study, 22 healthy men were studied under different conditions. The studied independent variables were shoe groove depths (included 1, 2.5 and 5 mm) and type of walking surface (dry and slippery). Biomechanical gait analysis was carried out with 396 single steps. Data were collected by motion analysis system and two force platform. The occurrence time of GRF was significantly faster on dry surface than slippery surface (p<0.01). Q was significantly lower on slippery surface and with groove depths of 1 and 2.5 mm. The highest value of Q was observed with the deepest groove depth of 5 mm. Heel strike velocity did not differ significantly in the 6 conditions tested. Tread groove depth is a significant factor affecting the Q at the shoes-surface interface on dry and slippery floors. It seems that deeper groove is more appropriate for maintaining the stability during walking. The walking surface affects the occurrence time of GRF; the force components occur sooner on the dry than slippery surface.