saba salmak

Environmental pollution has become and increasing concern due to growing risk to human health. Soil pollution is an aspect of environmental pollution that has received comparatively less attention than water pollution. However, considering direct effects of contaminants transmission through ingestion to the human body, it can lead to greater risks for human health. Arsenic is a highly prevalent environmental pollutant, and considerable number of people worldwide suffer from constant exposure to it. While there are several ways to manage and remediate contaminated soils, phytoremediation has been paid special attention due to its higher social acceptability and lower cost. Nevertheless, this approach faces challenges, including effectively handling significant quantities of contaminated biomass, managing it appropriately, and selecting suitable plant species for the remediation process. In this regard, numerous endeavors have been undertaken to tackle these obstacles like strategies encompass the utilization of amendments, adept management of biomass, and the implementation of hybrid remediation approaches. This study aims to review prior research on mechanisms, challenges, and enhanced phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils, encompassing reduction of contaminated biomass after phytoremediation.

These days, contamination of sediment and water resources to heavy metals, especially cadmium, cause severe human health and other organism’s disorders due to its high toxicity. Remediation of cadmium-contaminated sediments is of particular importance and several studies have been carried out on various remedial techniques. Considering that the remedial actions of sediment are diverse and each of them has its own pros and cons, Choosing the suitable and proper method based on geographical, economical, and social conditions is not only challenging but also plays a key role in implementing a successful remediation action. In this study, multi-criteria decision making model and fuzzy hierarchical analysis were used to find the best approach for restoring polluted sediment. In this regard, important methods and indicators have been determined consisting literature review and experts’ opinions. Based on the Weights determination by FAHP, the cost with 46% of weight, the availability of technology (39%), the potential of Pollutant recovery (9%), and time (6%) were determined as the main indicators of decision-making process. Moreover, by using VIKOR as a multi-criteria decision making model, the best options for cadmium-contaminated sediment were identified. Ranking the options shows that the absorption method by using biological adsorbents (Q=0.002, S=0.274, R=0.205) and electrokinetic (Q=0.005, S=0.271, R=0.214) has been selected as the best possible approaches.