فهرست مطالب sadegh cheraghi saray

One of the most important factors in pathogenic disease is the attachment of pathogenic bacteria to the host cell surface. The present study was conducted to introduce an alternative bio-drug that prevents the attachment of microorganisms and the onset of disease. This study was carried out during the three experimental periods. Clinical and standard strains of E. coli and C. albicans yeast were collected from the Khalat-Pushan Research Station of Tabriz University and Iran Research Organization respectively. Co-aggregation activity of treatments with both E. coli and C. albicans were investigated by Collado method and expressed as percentage. Anti-adhesive activity was also determined by microtitre plate method and calculated by reduction in attachments percentage. The highest co-aggregation effect with 74.68 % was related to “probiotic+ nano-selenium” treatment with standard strain of C. albicans and “nano-selenium”. While treatment with 39.32% had the lowest co-aggregation activity with clinical strain of E. coli (P<0.05). In determination of anti-adhesive activity of experimental treatments, except for the “probiotic” treatment on clinical strain of C. albicans, there was no significant difference among treatments for both species of E. coli and C. albicans. In both strains of E .coli and C. albicans, the standard strains showed significantly higher sensitivity . All the experimental treatments had a good co-aggregation and anti-adhesive ability with pathogenic species. “Probiotic + nano-selenium” treatment had relatively high ability during three experimental protocols Therefore, it can be used as an appropriate antibiotic alternative for the prevention or control of disease.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics has resulted in drug resistance. This study has been conducted to find a suitable alternative for these drugs. Primarily, standard and clinical isolates of C.albicans were collected. In order to indentify clinical isolates from lambs, the conventional mycological methods CHROM candida agar and germ tube production were used. The Antifungal effects of experimental treatments were evaluated against C.albicans by disk diffusion and measuring the growth inhibition zone in well diffusion method. Moreover, the MIC and MFC of experimental treatments were determined by microdilution method. The results of the well and disk diffusion methods showed that in both tests, the highest growth inhibition zone of the "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment was 29/41 and 27.64 mm, respectively on the standard strain of C.albicans. The results of MIC and MFC determination showed that in all experimental periods, "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" and "Nano selenium+Lactobacillus" treatments with 473.80 and 511.91 μg/ml for MIC and 807.66 and 845.28 μg/ml for MFC had the lowest amounts compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The results of microbial tests on C.albicans confirm the antifungal ability of "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment. Therefore, provided that this test is repeated in future studies and the accuracy of these results is ensured, manufacturing of this product or industrial supplements with this formulation may be advised for prevention or treatment of fungal infections.

Restaurant waste (RW) can be considered as a valuable feedstuff for animal nutrition due to its high nutritional value and low price. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional value and the microbial load of the waste in order to incorporate it in the poultry feedstuff. To our knowledge the current study is the first attempt in the field of RW processing with Lactobacillus strains. Then the second goal of this experiment was to study the effect of RW processing with Lactobacillus on nutrient and chemical composition of RW. The four Lactobacillus strains applied in the study included Lactobacillus casei subsp-1608 ATCC 39392, Lactobacillus plantarum-1058 ATCC 8014, Lactobacillus acidophilus-1643 DSM 20079 and Lactobacillus reuteri-1655 DSM 20016.

The experiments in the case of chemical composition showed that the mixed processing caused a significant improvement in nutritional value compared to the raw waste (P < 0.05). Among the strains, L. acidophilus had the highest mean amount of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), dry matter and gross energy (GE) with 21.40, 19.91, 41.02 and 4,872.61 kcal/kg, respectively, and the lowest amount of ash (3.67 %) compared with other strains. In the second phase of the experiment, the results obtained from comparing the average total count of bacteria and coliforms in five types of RW proved that the means of both bacteria and coliforms are within the standard range and can be applied as poultry feed. However, regarding the average total count of bacteria, barbecue waste with 9.85 × 104 CFU/g and chicken waste with 9.51 × 103 CFU/g were the most contaminated and the healthiest foods, respectively. In addition, barbecue waste with 1.28 × 102 CFU/g and fish waste with 1.08 × 102 CFU/g had the highest and lowest count of coliforms, respectively.

Nutritional value determination of RW samples showed that it is in the level that can be used in poultry diet. It was also presented that by adding Lactobacillus strains to the waste, the amount of GE, CP and EE increased and ash amount decreased. Therefore, its use in poultry diet is highly economic. In addition, this study showed that RW microbial load is in the level that can be applied as poultry feedstuff.