sadegh ghorbani

Project management is an organized system and resource management so that the project is completed with a specific vision, specific quality, specific time and specific cost. Project management is the process by which a project must achieve the desired result in the easiest and most cost-effective way during its life cycle. Measuring the performance of the project team and determining the progress of the project and comparing it with the initial plan has always been and will be the concern of project managers and it can be said that project performance control with value management is the most efficient and common way to control project performance It started in the middle of the twentieth century and gradually spread. The purpose of this study is to investigate new approaches in the field of value management gained by reviewing the literature in this field. In most recent researches on the subject of value management, it has been pointed out that it is insufficient to achieve the goals of project managers. Therefore, in recent years, many researchers have tried to improve the method of managing the value gained by combining it with other methods. In construction project management, the management of acquired value is considered as a suitable tool and therefore has been implemented in various construction industries. Acquired value management is based on the belief that it increases the value of the project. Given the dynamic environment in which construction companies must operate, especially in turbulent environments that are a direct result of the recent global recession, it is important to address the executive potential of value management in the construction industry. The difference between traditional value management forecasting approaches and new value management approaches in project management can be a way out of problems and shortcomings in this area.

Panax ginseng is a popular traditional herb that has been used in complementary and alternative medicine in eastern Asia, and it possesses pharmacologically active compounds like ginsenosides (GSs). This study aimed to investigate the impact of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) at different concentrations on in vitro follicular function and development in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system fabricated using sodium alginate after 12 days of culture. In this experimental study, preantral follicles (n=661) were mechanically isolated from the ovaries of 14-day-old female NMRI mice using 29-gauge insulin syringes. Follicles were individually capsulated within sodium alginate, and divided into four groups including control and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. Then, they were cultured for 12 days in the medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGE (0, 50, 100, and 500 µg/ mL, for control groups and groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). At the end of the culture period, the mean diameter and maturation of follicles, follicular steroid production, mRNA expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in collected metaphase-II (MII) oocytes were determined. The mean diameter of follicles in group 2 was significantly increased as compared to other groups (P<0.001). The percentages of the survival and maturation rate and levels of secreted hormones were higher in group 2 than the other groups (P<0.05). Follicles cultured in the presence of PGE 100 µg/mL had higher levels of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) mRNA expression in comparison to other groups (P<0.05). Moreover, oocytes collected from groups 2 and 3 had lower levels of ROS as compared to other groups (P<0.05). Our results suggest that PGE at the concentration of 100 µg/mL induces higher follicular function and development in the 3D culture system.

High surface/volume ratio and 3-dimensionality of nanofibers increases cell-scaffold interactions and promote migration and proliferation of cells. Wet electrospinning is a variant of electrospinning technology that is utilized to produce nanofibrous scaffolds. Altering the parameters governing the wet electrospinning process such as applied voltage, polymer concentration, composition and depth of the coagulation bath, and tip to bath distance can affect the morphology of the produced scaffolds. In this study, the influence of various coagulation baths on the physicochemical properties of the wet-electrospun nanofibers was investigated.

Poly (ε-caprolactone)/Poly (L-lactic) acid 15% (w/v) blends under an applied voltage of 15 kV, and a tip-to-bath distance of 10 cm. were used to prepare fibrous scaffolds via wet-electrospinning technique into aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (pH~13), distilled water, ethanol, water/ethanol (3:7) (v/v) and water/ethanol/methanol (6:2:2) (v/v). The final products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), liquid displacement technique, contact angle measurement, compressive and tensile tests. As well as, cell adhesion and cell viability through human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) cell culture.

Wet-electrospun fibers, except in the almost fully beaded structure of water/ethanol (3:7) (v/v) specimen exhibited random, dispersive and non-woven morphology under SEM observation. The coagulation bath composition significantly influenced on porosity, wettability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The porosity measurement via liquid displacement method showed that except for the specimen in which the blend was spun into NaOH, other scaffolds could not meet the accepted ideal porosity percentage of above 80%. According to the contact angle measurement data, it was expected that all scaffolds experience low cellular attachment and proliferation. Conversely, in vitro hADSCs culture demonstrated that the scaffolds presented a non-toxic environment and enhanced cell proliferation and attachment.

The data indicated that the scaffold spun into NaOH was the best candidate among other specimens to culture hADSCs.

Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary field, assists cell therapy by using scaffolds, cells, and growth factors since 30 years ago. Cells isolated from the body should be supported by a scaffold which could mimic the function and structure of natural extracellular matrix (ECM). To accomplish this goal, we have fabricated and characterized synthetic wet electrospun poly(lactic) acid (PLA) scaffolds.
ThePLA polymer was used at various concentrations (10%, 13%, 15%, 17%, 20% w/v) with a novel architecture produced by a wet-electrospinning process for tissue engineering applications. In the wet electrospinning method, we used an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the coagulation bath. Then, we characterized the biocompatibility and morphology of these scaffolds by the MTT assay and SEM, respectively.
The data collected from the characterization of scaffolds and in vitro human Wharton’s jelly-derived stem cells/scaffold culture showed that the 15% w/v of PLA with high porosity was the best polymer concentration in terms of cell attachment and proliferation.
Electrospinning PLA at the 10% or 20% w/v concentrations was difficult. Additionally, they could not provide a favorable matrix for cell proliferation and attachment. However, the results have suggested that the novel nanofiber fabrication system would be very useful for the structure control of 3D nanofiber fabrics.

Resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae is primarily done by the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Clear identification of risk factors for ESBL-producing infections is necessary. Therefore, efficient strategies can be developed to decrease outbreak of these infections. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial susceptibility and ESBLs pattern of diarrhogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from adult patients. In the present study, Diarrheogenic E. coli strains were isolated from 54 patients from the University of Medical Sciences hospitals in Shiraz. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method by CLSI criteria. The presence of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes was investigated by PCR using designated primers. The prevalence of ESBLs-producer E. coli strains was 12.96%. Antimicrobial resistance testing showed a high resistance to cefexime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and penicillin. Overall, β-lactamase genes were identified in 52 (96.30%) isolates which were identified as 45 (83.33%) blaTEM, 17 (31.48%) blaSHV and 11 (20.37%) blaCTX-M. ESBL-producer E. coli is very prevalent in Diarrheogenic strains isolated from adult patients. Also, this study clearly showed that the blaTEM gene for ESBL-producer E. coli was widespread in Iran.

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is increasingly recognized as a cause of often persistent diarrhea in children and adults in both developing and developed countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and the frequency of EAEC as etiologic agent of diarrhea in Shiraz. A total of 715 stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in Shiraz. Diarrheagenic E. coli were isolated by biochemical tests and culture from 715 stool samples collected from different hospitals. Diarrheagenic E. coli strains isolated from diarrheal stool samples were examined for the detection of the aggR gene by Real time PCR and PCR method. In this study, a total of 101 (14.12%) diarrheagenic E. coli were isolated from 715 stool samples collected from different hospitals. The infected patients were 58 (57%) males and 43 (43%) females. Out of these 101 diarrheagenic E. coli identified, 5 were confirmed as EAEC in patient. The EAEC strains were isolated from 3 of the 43 females (43%) and 2 of the 58 males (57%) with the mean age of 11.4±1.2 age. In this study, 5 EAEC strains were isolated from one patient with bloody diarrhea and 4 patients with watery diarrhea. The high prevalence of EAEC isolates was also found in watery diarrhea. We therefore, recommend the routine isolation and identification of EAEC strains from patient with diarrhea in all the clinical laboratories and other pathotype diarrheagenic E. coli in Iran.

Diarrheal disease is still a major health problem, especially in developing countries, where it is considered as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality especially in children. Studies showed that Diarrheagenic E.coli (DEC) such as STES and EPEC strains are among the most prevalent causative agents in acute diarrhea, particularly in children. Aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and the frequency of STEC and EPEC as etiologic agent of diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age with diarrhea in Shiraz. A total of 285 stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in Shiraz, in 2012. Diarrheagenic E.coli (DEC) strains were isolated by standard biochemical analysis. In this study, we used multiplex Real time PCR and single PCR to detect the presence of indicator genes stx1, stx2 and eaeA for STEC and EPEC strains, respectively. A total of 285 stool samples were tested in which 49 (17%) were identified as contaminated with E.coli by biochemical tests. Out of total samples, 15 STEC (31%) and 13 EPEC (27%) were identified using multiplex Real-Time PCR assay. Among STEC isolates, 2 strains were stx1+, 8 isolates stx2+, 3 isolates were stx1+, stx2+ and 2 isolates were stx1+, stx2+, eaeA+. In this study, we found rather high occurrence of STEC and EPEC virulence genes in children with diarrhea. The results of this study showed that, real time PCR can be used as a replacement for conventional PCR assay in the detecting virulence genes of STEC and EPEC strains. Real-time PCR offers the advantage of being a faster, more robust assay, because it does not require post-PCR procedures to detect amplification products.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains of Escherichia coli has raised considerable interest in understanding the diversity and epidemiology of E. coli infections in humans. Virulence factors of E. coli determine the specific infections caused by this microorganism. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of eight E. coli virulence factors and their association with antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI).Patients and One thousand patients with UTI were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Antimicrobial susceptibility was examined by disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. After DNA extraction, the materials were probed by PCR for eight virulence factors genes, namely fimH, hly, iucC, ibeA, sfa/foc, neuC, papC, and afa genes. The frequency of virulence factors papC, afa, sfa/foc, fimH, hly, neuC, ibeA, and iucC were 53.3%, 51.7%, 53.3%, 56.7%, 23.3%, 31.7%, 20%, and 73.3%, respectively. In addition, there was a high degree resistance to cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid while a high degree of susceptibility to nitrofurantoin was detected. There was a statistically significant association between fimH gene and resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.006), nalidixic acid (P = 0.025), and cotrimoxazole (P = 0.02). Such associations were found between ibeA gene and amikacin (P = 0.02) and cotrimoxazole (P = 0.02) as well as between afa gene and gentamycin (P = 0.05). The results showed that E. coli isolated from patients with UTI had eight virulence factors with high frequencies. Moreover, these results alleged a direct connection between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

Diarrhea is an important cause of illness and death among all age groups on a global scale. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) protozoans were established as a causative agent of diarrhea in developing and developed countries. The identification of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains needs to detect the factors that determine the virulence of these organisms.. In this study, we aimed to use the multiplex real-time (MRT) and multiplex PCR assays for identification of ETEC in patients with diarrhea in Shiraz, Iran..Patients and A total of 430 stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in Shiraz, in 2012. Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains were isolated by standard biochemical analysis. We used MRT-PCR and multiplex PCR (MPCR) assays to detect the presence of LT, STΙa and STΙb genes in ETEC.. In this study, 430 stool samples were tested and 52 (12.1%) were identified as contaminated with E. coli using standard biochemical tests. The ETEC were detected in eight patients (15.4%) with diarrhea by the MRT-PCR and MPCR methods. The results of this study showed that four out of eight strains (50%) were STΙa producer, and three out of eight strains were ST producers (37.5%). Also, one strain (12.5%) contained both STΙa and LT genes, simultaneously.. This is the first study performed in Shiraz to identify ETEC intestinal pathogens in patients with diarrhea. The results of this study showed that MRT-PCR can be used as a replacement for the conventional MPCR assay to detect the ETEC strains.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease and a public health problem. Therefore, rapid detection and management is important. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), and loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for detection of HCV. This experimental study conducted on 50 serum samples suspected to HCV in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province, Iran. HCV Ab detected by ELISA and genomic RNA evaluated by nested PCR and LAMP techniques. Then, efficiency of ELISA and LAMP was calculated in comparison with nested PCR. Out of total samples, 45 (90%) samples were positive for HCV by nested PCR and LAMP. All samples (100%) were positive by ELISA, but 10% (5 samples) was false positive. In addition, in comparison with nested PCR, efficiency of LAMP and ELISA were 100% and 91%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that based on high efficiency, speed and cost effectiveness of LAMP assay, it could be used as a fast alternative method for diagnosis of HCV.

Real-time PCR is one of the revolutionized molecular techniques in the way of clinical laboratories diagnosis. This technique combines PCR with application of fluorescent probe detection in the unique reaction vessel. Generally, in this novel assay, both PCR and amplified product detection are performed in an hour or less, which is made this technique faster and less hands-on time than conventional PCR. Other descriptions of this technique is that post PCR processes, including gel electrophoresis, staining with carcinogenesis etidium bromide and gel consideration using UV, is removed and the risk for release of amplified nucleic acids and etidium bromide into the laboratory environment is decreased. Real-time PCR instrumentation requires considerably much simpler to perform than conventional PCR methods. Additionally, excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, ease of performance and speed, has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to conventional culture-based or immunoassay-based testing methods used in the clinical microbiology for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the introduction of real-time PCR and its techniques in the detection of infectious disease.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium responsible for one of the most prevalent infections found in humans worldwide. Considering the importance of this infection and its different prevalence in different regions of Iran, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari as a high-risk province. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 200 patients with dyspeptic symptoms referred to Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord. First, we applied the RUT and PCR assays to identify Helicobacter pylori-positive samples, and then performed SPSS software and statistical analyses to find the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and different kinds of diseases. Out of all samples, 82% were infected with Helicobacter pylori. According to the data, there was a significant relationship between sex, level of education, and pain and Helicobacter pylori infection, while there was no relationship between the bacterium and age, family size, occupation, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Given the increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its complications, health education and tight control of re-infection are recommended in patients.

Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains can infect humans via vegetal and animal food consumption and cause food poisoning with diarrhoeas, hemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome that can lead to death. The purpose of this study is isolation and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence genes from Juice Purchase and vegetables in Shiraz. This cross- sectional study was performed on 89 samples of Juice Purchase and vegetables collected from Shiraz. Isolates were enriched in ECB with novobiocin medium in temperature 37C. After, in order to examine the fermentation of sorbitol and lactose the CT-SMAC and VRBA media and the activities of β-glucoronidase of separated bacteria were examined using the choromoagar medium. Then, the existence of E.coli O157:H7 was confirmed with the spesific antiserum. Finally, virulence genes stx1, stx2, eae and hly were tested by multiplex PCR and rfb O157 ang fliC H7 were tested by single PCR. Out of all examined samples 69 (77.53%) sorbitol negative bacteria were separated that after evaluation with specific antiserum 21 (23.60%) E.coli O157:H7 was detected. The molecular markers, stx1 genes in 3 samples and eae, stx1 in 1 sample were detected. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of E.coli O157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human.