فهرست مطالب sadeq moradi

The supervision of criminals and the way of classifying prisoners are among the challenging categories in the criminal policy of the Iranian penal system, which by entering the legal literature and also being affected by the modern perspectives of criminology, a new approach is proposed. This question is raised as to how Iran’s criminal policy has been in the implementation of prison sentences and the classification of prisoners and how it is evaluated according to the regulations of the judiciary. In this regard, in line with the policy of prisons and the classification of prisoners, the judiciary has developed different guidelines and regulations, and the legislator has taken steps in this way by approving the regulations on the segregation and classification of prisoners. He has been involved in the supervision of criminals. These supervisions are applied with the aim of protecting the society against the crimes of dangerous criminals and can become the basis for legal challenges. Criminologists believe that if the classification of prisoners is based on the theory of rehabilitation, it can provide prison security by reducing violence, and through the access of prisoners to rehabilitation programs, it can achieve the refinement of criminals and solve the challenge of the inflation of the criminal population. The issue of separating and classifying prisoners from a conceptual point of view, due to the lack of clear boundaries with similar concepts; In terms of definition, due to the lack of legal standards and examples, the crime faces many shortcomings from a legal and executive point of view. In this research, while explaining the legal and legal challenges, the pathology of segregation and classification of prisoners is considered.

Compensating for material and moral damages to the affected individual and restoring them requires a solution known as civil liability. Civil liability is a legal relationship that entails one person's obligation to compensate for damages caused to another. Immunity and, consequently, impunity may lead to individuals tolerating the violation of each other's rights, resulting in harm. Judges, like other individuals, are prone to errors, and it is not unthinkable that they may negligently or even maliciously, misuse their discretionary power, causing harm to the rights of the parties involved. The error of a judge is of double importance as it may jeopardize the lives, property, and reputation of individuals. Therefore, it is essential to take measures to compensate for the damages inflicted on individuals. Legislators, in consideration of the principle of equality before the law and to enhance democracy, have brought judicial liability into focus, gradually moving from absolute immunity towards civil liability, as the responsibility of judges was previously overlooked in the pursuit of the principle of absolute immunity. In this research, after clarifying the concept of civil liability and its foundations, we delve into a comparative study of judicial civil liability in Iran, France, and the United States.

According to the legal and jurisprudential rules of Islam, insult, rudeness and slandering Muslims and even non-Muslims from other divine religions is forbidden. This prohibition is to the extent that it is prescribed for some penance or (legal) punishment. The criminalization of blasphemy in Islamic law is the treatment of factors that endanger "public order and morality" and are considered "crimes against the spiritual dignity of individuals"; Because in a religious society, especially a society based on religious government, how can it be insulting, given the strong public opinion of the followers of the divine religions to the saints and religious leaders, who in addition to having a special legal personality, also have a special true personality? To sanctify. The first and most important documentary in this regard is the Holy Quran; Therefore, the authors of this article with the approach of Quranic studies with the method of analytical-descriptive research to legal and jurisprudential analysis of insults to the holy of Quranic verses.