saeed reza montazeri

The problem of "the female sex", its appearance and rotation in “Samsara" and her liberation from this cycle are among the subjects discussed in Jainist religious texts. There is a relationship between human’s gender and liberation and in the Jain texts. The issue of woman's liberation has always been controversial for the two sects of Digimbara and Svetambara. Raising the subject of woman’s psychological- Karma and physical states, Digimbara regards woman as incapable of achieving liberation. But Svetambara believes that achieving the three Jewels of perfection in Jainism i.e. right faith, right knowledge and right conduct, are sufficient to liberate a man or woman in his/her present body. That is, since this issue is the main point of difference between the two schools of Svetambara and Digimbara, the theses of both groups include the arguments and debates between the two sects. Clearly, this study leads us to a new approach to the beliefs of this Indian religion with regard to the status of woman in their religious thoughts.

The present research study has been conducted with the aim of linguistic analysis of application of the Persian word "Qahramana" in Imam Ali's speeches. Although this word has been used in some languages like Arabic, Turkish and Kurdish, it is of Persian origin. In terms of history and linguistic rules, its roots, dates back to the Pahlavi language. Although the term was used in the Shia and Sunni hadith sources in various senses; the present paper deals with application of this word in the Holy Prophet's words andImam Alis. Using a survey method, the author of the paper has successfully proved his claim in Imam Ali's words.

The date of Zoroaster has always been one of the controversial issues, which have attracted the attention of the great scholars and orientalists. Some orientalists hold that Zoroaster lived around 600 B. C. Some others reject this view and maintain that he lived much earlier. Dr. Alireza Shapur Shahbazi has written this article based on historical facts. Having rejected Herzfeld, Taqizadeh, and Henning as regards this date, in this article he puts forward his view based on the Zoroastrian traditional calendar, holding that Zoroaster lived around 1000 B.C. This writing has attracted the attention of the Italian great expert in Iranian studies, Gherardo Gnoli; and, his invaluable book entitled Zoroaster’s Time and Homeland is concerned with a critical examination of Shahbazi's views.