فهرست مطالب saeed yekaninejad

T cells play an important role in the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. In the present study, the immunomodulatory impacts of two Lactobacillus strains, L paracasei DSM 13434 and L plantarum DSM 15312, on the frequency and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells in MS patients were explored. Thirty MS patients were enrolled in this study. The CD4+ T cells were isolated, cultured, and exposed to the media containing cell-free supernatants of L plantarum (group1), L paracasei (group 2), the mixture group of cell-free supernatants of both probiotics (group 3), and vehicle (control) group (group 4). The frequencies of T helper (Th) 1, Th17, Th2, and T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of the associated cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin 17 (IL-17), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cytokines in supernatants of all groups were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The percentage of Th1 cells and the MFI of IFN-γ in Th1 cells (CD4+ IFN-γ+) in all three probiotic treatment groups were significantly decreased compared to the control group. However, no significant changes were observed in the proportion and MFI of Th2, Th17, and Tr1 cells. A significant decrease was observed in IL-17 secretion in the supernatant of cultured CD4+ T cells in all three treatment groups in comparison with control. The levels of TGF-β and IFN-γ were not significantly different among any of the study groups.  Collectively, cell-free supernatants of the lactobacilli showed an in vitro anti-inflammatory effect. However, further studies are needed to prove the real effects of probiotics on MS.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is themost prevalent autoimmune disease, and there is no definitive treatment available for this disease. To find the appropriate therapeutic approach, it is necessary to determine the mechanism of this disease. To achieve this purpose, the frequency of CD4+ T cells was evaluated in patients with HT and compared with healthy individuals.

Twenty-six female patients with HT, aged 20 - 45 years, enrolled in this study. Based on the level of thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) in serum of patients with HT, they were divided into two groups. The serum level of anti-TPO was above 100 IU/mL in the group 1 (n = 13), whereas the serum levels of both anti-TPO and anti-TG were above 100 IU/mL in the group 2 (n = 13). Eleven healthy women were considered control group, or group 3. Using flow cytometry, the frequency of T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, T regulatory type 1 (Tr1), and LT CD4+ IL-4+ IL-17+ cells and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of their related cytokines were evaluated.

The frequency of Th2 cells in the groups 1 (anti-TPO > 100) and 2 (anti-TPO > 100 and anti-TG > 100) were more than control group. Only the difference between groups 3 (healthy control) and 2 was significant (P = 0.022). The frequency of LT CD4+ IL-4+ IL-17+ cells in the group 1 was significantlymore than group 3 (P = 0.027); However, the difference between group 2 and 3 was not significant (P = 0.126). The expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the group 2 (P = 0.001) and group 1 (P = 0.001) was significantly higher than group 3. The frequency of Th17, Th1, and Tr1 cells and MFI of IL-17 and IL-10 were not significantly different between the study groups.

In the present study, no significant differences were observed in the frequency of Th17 and Tr1 cells and in MFI of IL-17 and IL-10 in comparison to healthy individuals. Therefore, trying to make a change in the population of these cells probably does not have a significant therapeutic effect. Since Th2 cells and the expression of IFN-γ increased in women with HT, reducing the frequency of Th2 cells or the expression of IFN-γ may be effective in controlling the disease progression. It may be helpful for these patients to prevent the progression of the disease.

Obesity is a mild systemic inflammation that to assess obesity, various parameters such as body mass index(BMI), waist circumference, neck and fat mass index are used, and to assess metabolic and cardiovascular diseases different blood factors such as triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are used. The main goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of body composition measurement to predict the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in obese and overweight women. This study was conducted on 305 obese and overweight women. In this cross-sectional study, blood sample was received. The body composition was measured by the body composition analyzer. The usual food intake was obtained by using food frequency questionnaire. The results of this study showed that between BMI, neck and waist circumference with risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases including TG, LDL, hs-CRP and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) have a significant relationship (p <0.05). Also, the largest surface under the rock curve belonged to the neck circumference association with HOMA-IR (A = 0.76). There is a significant relationship between body composition measurement to predict the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in obese and overweight women. The most sensitivity and specificity was the prediction of the risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases related to the neck circumference, fat mass index and fat mass

Physician shortages in rural areas is a universal concern, and most countries face this challenge. Many attributes influence the physician preferences about the choice of working location. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate which attributes were included in discrete choice experiment studies and which of them valued the most by physicians.

The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection. Further studies were retrieved from reference lists of included studies, and grey literature. Studies used discrete choice experiments methods to elicit preferences for working in the deprived area, focus on physicians or medical students, and published between 2000 and 2017 in the English language were included.

The literature search yielded 192 studies, of which 14 studies met inclusion criteria. The attributes and attribute levels were identified by literature review and qualitative research. The number of attributes varied from five to ten, and the most frequent number was six attributes. In most studies, maximum of sixteen different scenarios were given to the study samples. The “salary or income” attribute was the most important in fifty percent of the studies and the attributes related to “study and education” was at the next level.

Financial attributes are not the only significant attributes considered by the physicians for deciding where to practice, but also the other non-financial attributes are important. It is suggested that based on the economic, social and cultural conditions of each country, a specific incentive package, including a set of financial and non-financial incentives, is developed to attract physicians to the deprived areas.

Intertrigo is an erythematous inflammatory condition with multiple etiologies including fungi and bacteria. Intertrigo manifests in different clinical forms with various complaints. This study was conducted to evaluate the causative agents of intertriginous infections with emphasize on clinical presentations.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015-2016, on 188 patients with clinical suspicion of superficial and cutaneous intertriginous infections in Tehran, Iran. Demographic and additional related data were obtained by questionnaire from all participants. Specimens were collected by gentle scraping of the affected areas. Direct examination and culture were performed for all specimens and grown colonies were identified based on the macroscopic and microscopic features. Supplementary tests were done whenever needed. Data were analyzed in SPSS.
Overall, 80 (42.5%) cases with the mean age of 43.5 yr were confirmed for intertrigo. Dermatophytosis was the predominant cause in this study with 36 (45%) cases followed by erythrasma (28 cases, 35%), tinea versicolor (10 cases, 12.5%) and candidiasis (6 cases, 7.5%). Intertrigo lesions with dermatophytic agents significantly were observed in groin in comparison to different infections among body sites (P Different clinical manifestations may be observed in infectious intertrigo. Regarding the significant association observed in this study, some clinical features can be used for presumptive diagnosis of diseases but further studies are required to make it clear.

Context: Neck pain is a very common symptom. Several clinical trial studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of cupping therapy on neck pain. The objective of this study was to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of cupping therapy as an intervention to conservative management of neck pain.
Evidence Acquisition: We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Ovid, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, web of science, and Iranian medical databases through March 2017 without time restrictions. All clinical trials done on non- specific neck pain, where at least one of the therapies assessed pertains to cupping therapy, were included the study. Outcomes were pain intensity (e.g., Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), disability (e.g., Neck Disability Index, NDI), quality of life on sp36 questionnaire, and other outcomes due to neck pain. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of cupping in managing neck pain.
Meta-analysis of 5 trials revealed significant differences in pain relief in favor of cupping therapy compared with the control group (VAS 100 cm, MD, -0.84 (-1.22, -0.46), I2 = 54.7%). Furthermore, meta-analysis of 6 studies revealed that cupping therapy was clinically superior to the control group in patients with neck pain (SMD = -0.60 (-0.86, -0.35), I2 = 16.4%). Assessment of quality of life using the SP36 questionnaire showed that cupping therapy increased the quality of life in patients with neck pain compared with the control group (SMD = -0.56 (-0.20, -0.92), I2 = 51.4%).
This study provides some evidence that cupping therapy may improve treatment of patients with neck pain.

Stroke patients often experience falls with potentially serious consequences. Associated factors with falling in stroke patients have already been identified. The present study was conducted to find a better assessment tool for measuring the risk of falling, Fear of Falling (FOF), and balance between Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS).
One hundred stroke patients were recruited from the physiotherapy clinics affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) based on inclusive criteria to administer two predictive scales; FES-I and BBS. In 16-item FES-I, face to face interview provide information on FOF in daily life activities. BBS is used to measure the FOF during sitting, standing, and postural changes (reaching, balancing on one limb and transferring). Data were analyzed on the basis of age, post stroke duration, history of falling since disease onset and in the last 6 months as well as risk of falling.
Based on FES-I scale, the majority (69.8%) of old patients (50-64 years) showed low risk of falls and according to BBS, the majority of the stroke patients older than 64 years had high concern for falling. Both genders showed low concern for falling on FES-I and BBS scales and the results were not significant. On BBS, the falling concern was more among those who had one falling during the last 6 months.
BBS is more relevant to predict the risk of falls among Iranian stroke patients and is also easy to administer at the stroke centers with minimum equipment.

Mental disorders are prevalent worldwide, and can expose people to significant harm. Diet plays an important role in the development and progression of mental illness. Thus, possible associations were investigated between major dietary patterns and depression, anxiety and stress in adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of adult participants (n=265) in Tehran. Anthropometric characteristics were measured, and physical activity was assessed using a short-form physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis on 25 food groups using a valid, reliable, 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The dietary patterns were analyzed by factor analysis (PCA) method. Blood samples were taken for measurement of blood parameters. Data about depression, anxiety and stress were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress Score (DASS-21). The unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns were extracted. The findings showed that higher adherence to a healthy dietary pattern led to a reduction in the mean depression score (P = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between the unhealthy dietary pattern and depression, anxiety and stress scores. In logistic regression models, after adjusting for potential confounders, the results showed that higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern led to a reduction in anxiety odds ratio (OR) (P = 0.03). There was no statistically significant association between the major dietary patterns with the risk of depression and stress in the crude and adjusted models. The findings from this study indicate that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern led to a reduction in mean depression score and anxiety OR.

Plantarflexor muscles produce propulsive force in the second half of stance phase; deficient motor output from these muscles would lead to inadequate propulsion at push off phase of gait following stroke. It is important to develop strategies to improve plantarflexor output. This study examined the effects of walking on a treadmill at varying gradients and speeds on medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle activation in stroke survivors.
Nineteen stroke survivors (13M/6F: average age 55.37±7.54 years; body mass index 29.10±4.52kg/m2) participated in the study. Participants walked on a standard treadmill at three different positive inclines (0°, 3°, and 6°) and speeds (self-selected, self-selected%, self-selected%). The electromyographic activity of MG recorded at push off phase of the gait.
A linear mixed model regression analysis was used to analysis. The paretic MG muscle activity increased at faster speeds irrespective of incline (p0.05).
It would appear that stroke survivors employ distinct muscle activation strategies on the paretic and non-paretic sides in response to different walking speeds and inclines

The number of elderly population in the world and also in Iran has increased due to health improvements and therefore، the quality of life has been focused in this group of population. Physical disabilities and particularly balance disturbances are among the consequences of the ageing process and hence، would affect the quality of life in elderly population. Mental practice is in fact the cognitive review of a physical skill without performing obvious bodily movements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental practice of a movement skill on improvement of the quality of life in elderly men (60-80 yrs). This was a Single blind Randomized controlled trial (RCT) study. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Tehran university of medical science (Irct ID: IRCT201107041722N3). The elderly population was 44 elderly men (60-80 yrs.) who were living in Kahrizak Nursing Home. They were randomly assigned in two groups and entered the study based on inclusion criteria. After baseline assessment، the quality of life of all of participants were assessed by SF36 test and also at 3 various stages (i. e. respectively، before the beginning of، baseline assessment; two weeks after intervention، short term follow up; and 3 months after intervention، long term follow up). Elderly population in the intervention group did mental practice of one movement skill for 4 weeks and during this periods، the control group did no mental practice. The results of our study showed the scores of SF36 in physical component، after the intervention of mental practice، have had a significant difference between the control and intervention groups. Although test scores in mental component and the whole test score showed no significant difference between the case and control groups at 3 stages of assessments. The results of this study showed the significant effects of mental practices on physical component of SF36 in elderly population. However، these results also showed that this type of mental practice had no significant effects on mental component and total score of SF36.