saeedeh ghasemi

In today's society, one of the growing problems that has disrupted life in urban communities is related to traffic problems and the behavior of citizens in this field. The aim of the present study was to determine the desired traffic behavior of Iranian students.
The research method according to the purpose, applied according to the type of data, qualitative, according to the time of data collection, cross-sectional and according to the method of data collection or the nature and method of the research in the first part, in order to analyze the documents and documents related to the research, the inferential analytical method was used and in The second part was evaluated in order to check the validity of the data and the model from the qualitative content analysis method to the data theme analysis method. In this research, according to the nature of the research, a non-random sampling method of the targeted type was used to select the interviewees. In this basic method, the selection of sample cases by the researcher is based on the objectives of the study and the nature of the research. In this basis, the selection of sample cases is based on the objectives of the study and the nature of the research. In this research, it continued with 16 interviewees until reaching the principle of theoretical saturation, that is, interviewees number 17 and 18 did not add new codes to the interviews and the interview was stopped. The method of data collection is documentary and field, and the data collection tool is through semi-structured interviews.
In this research, 92 sub-components were obtained from the semi-structured interviews used in the desired behavior of Iranian students.
Therefore, it is effective through teaching the desired traffic behavior in the form of theoretical training in the content of books and practical training in projects at different levels of students' education.

Amniotic fluid in the uterus is beneficial for the fetus growth and protection due to its nutritional elements as well as its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Today, body membranes are increasingly being used in multiple fields. The purpose of the current study was evaluation of the antibacterial effects of amniotic fluid and comparison of its effects on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria.

This experimental study was conducted on amniotic fluid obtained from 43 healthy mothers who gave birth by selective cesarean section. Then, antibacterial effects of amniotic fluids were investigated on 8 standard bacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, and Lactobacillus plantarum by agar well-diffusion method. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, vs. 22 (IBM, US).

Amniotic fluid revealed an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes strains showed growth inhibition in 39% and 17% of samples, respectively. In other bacterial strains, there was growth inhibition in less than 5% of the samples. Also, the zone of growth inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes was significantly higher than the other strains. Amniotic fluid samples had an antibacterial effect on all pathogen strains in general, but not on the Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strain.

Our findings suggest that the antibacterial effect of amniotic fluid on pathogenic bacteria is significantly higher than the Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic one. Overall, the findings support the use of natural substances as alternative therapeutic agents to combat antibiotic resistance.

In today's society, one of the growing problems that has disrupted life in urban communities is related to traffic problems and the behavior of citizens in this field. In fact, living in an urban society, due to the emergence of various centers such as administrative, commercial, and residential, has led to the increase of countless intra-city trips for each member of the society and has brought with it a problem called traffic. In general, traffic can be considered a phenomenon that is the result of interaction between human actions, nature (natural environment) and machine (technology). Among the factors affecting traffic, human actions, which are known as traffic behavior, is an issue that refers to the individual skills, perceptual and cognitive abilities of the driver, and shows how the driver reacts to traffic laws and warnings. Is. Therefore, traffic behaviors play an important role in traffic accidents. So that unpleasant traffic behaviors cause more accidents, and on the other hand, positive traffic behaviors promote the creation of a safe traffic environment. Therefore, the education of any country, considering that it covers a significant level of society and citizens, can be successful in teaching traffic behavior in various aspects, and through training desirable traffic behavior in the form of training The theory in the content of the books and practical training can be effective in projects such as: police assistant, etc. at different educational levels and to some extent guarantee the health of the citizens. The research method of this article is the descriptive method of analysis with library technique.

COVID-19 spread rapidly around the world from the end of 2019. Hot footbath is a simple ancient technique, which has been used to alleviate many disorders. We aimed to investigate the effect of hot footbath in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted in Iran with allocation ratio of 1:1, with final sample size of 35 patients in each group. The intervention group received hot footbath (immersion of feet into the hot water at 42 °C, 10 cm above the ankles for 20 minutes, and then kept warm for 5 minutes) once a day for a week, in addition to the conventional therapy. The control group received only the conventional therapy; the primary outcomes evaluated were fever, respiratory rate, cough, fatigue, and myalgia; whereas admission rate, ICU admission, and mortality were assessed as the secondary outcomes. Except for cough intensity, cough frequency and fatigue (p value < 0.05), no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the primary and secondary outcomes. No adverse events were reported. Hot footbath can be used as a non-invasive, highly acceptable, and complementary technique to alleviate COVID-19 patients without any needs to expensive or special equipment; nevertheless, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed so as to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of hot footbath on clinical symptoms of COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the lives of people all over the world. Although researchers are working to manage and minimize the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic, no definitive treatment method has been identified so far. The present clinical trial aimed to evaluate the survival of two groups of patients with COVID-19.

The statistical population of this prospective clinical trial included 70 patients hospitalized in the Mofatteh Hospital in Varamin, Iran, from 13 May to 10 July 2020. The intervention and control groups were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Patients in the intervention group had a higher survival rate than the control group.

Hordeum vulgare increased the survival of patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus from the coronavirus family (1) regarded as enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with helical symmetric nucleocapsid (2). According to the whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of coronavirus strains, a distinct clade of betacoronavirus is shown to be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (3). This novel clade is called the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and due to more similarity to the SARS virus is also called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The disease is known as COVID-19.

In today's society, the media has taken on roles by transmitting information and exchanging public opinion.This article was conducted with the aim of determining the role and position of the media in education in three areas: educational, political and social. Harold Laswell and Challers Wright are among the researchers who have paid close attention to the role and function of the media in society. And they are the transmission of cultural heritage and entertainment and filling leisure time. By adding the role of entertainment to the roles mentioned by Laswell, Rite continues to emphasize the role of media monitoring. "Sharam" also mentioned the role of the media guard by expressing the roles of teacher and guide. Kloos also cites the media's oversight role as one of their social tasksThe findings highlight the importance of the role of the media in education and the results show that the media has an important educational, political and social role and undeniable in education. Media in compensating for academic retardation as a supplement to formal education, Strengthening and weakening values and norms, teaching people to live together, overcoming political crises, encouraging people to participate in politics and helping in times of crisis, etc. play a very important role.

The book "The Literary Mind" by Mark Turner, first published in 1996 at the Oxford Publishers Collection, was followed by numerous publications. The book, which has been considered and received by various experts from various branches of cognitive science, linguistics, literature, neurology, and philosophy, has come to light and deep in 208 pages and eight chapters on the subject of literary thought, and in particular the story and the parabolic story on the basis of language and thought. The author has shed light on the role and necessity of literature as a vital element. Despite the general opinion that the literary mind is considered secondary and something special to of the experts of literature, in fact, the main theme of the book is that the activity of mind is essentially literary.This book argues in a revolutionary way that the central theme of cognitive science is the nature of the literary mind.

Pain management is one of the most essential components of postoperative care. Nowadays, the common treatment methods for pain include the use of two large groups of analgesics, namely opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of ketorolac (i.e., a non-inflammatory drug) and pethidine (i.e., a synthetic opioid pain medication) on pain and complications due to hemorrhoidectomy.

This randomized controlled trial included 90 patients with hemorrhoids who underwent hemorrhoidectomy at Imam Reza Hospital in Birjand, Iran, from May 2017 to 2018. The participants were assigned into two groups, namely ketorolac group who received ketorolac therapy and pethidine group who received pethidine. The severity of pain and complications were measured immediately, as well as at 6, and 12 hours after surgery in both study groups. The quantitative data were expressed as mean and percentage. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 22.0) through Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Chi-square tests. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

According to the obtained results, out of 90 patients with hemorrhoid, 70.3% were males. The mean age of the participants was 48.29±8.8 years, and there was no significant difference between two study groups regarding age (47.2±8.7 years in the pethidine group, and 49.4±9 years in the ketorolac group, P=0.196). In the ketorolac group, the mean pain scores were 2.33±1.36, 2.28±1.00, and 1.57±0.75, immediately, as well as at 6, and 12 hours after surgery, respectively. In addition, in the pethidine group, the mean pain scores were obtained at 3.15±1.61, 2.64±1.00, and 1.97±0.69, immediately as well as at 6, and 12 hours after surgery, respectively. Accordingly, the pain level was significantly lower in ketorolac group, compared to that in the pethidine group (P<0.05). However, the pain level was higher at 24 hours after surgery in ketorolac group than that in the pethidine group; nevertheless, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.996).

The findings of the present study suggest more significant therapeutic effects of nonsteroidal NSAIDs, compared to opioid drugs on pain after hemorrhoidectomy.

Health care planning for management of patients visiting emergency department (ED) requires accurate statistics and data more than anything. Since chest pain is one of the most common complaints of patients in this department, the present study was done aiming to epidemiologically assess the patients presenting to ED following chest pain with the final diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI).
In this retrospective cross - sectional study, to evaluate the characteristics of MI patients, medical profiles of all the patients presenting to ED of Shahid Mofatte h Hospital, Varamin, Iran, during 2011 to 2015, with complaint of chest pain and final diagnosis of acute MI were assessed. A pre - designed checklist was used that included demographic data, pain characteristics, history of cardiac diseases and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, treatments received, time interval between symptom manifestation and presentation to ED, history of similar complaint, duration of hospitalization in ED, site of MI, troponin level on arrival, and final outcome.
168 pa tients with the mean age of 58.05 ± 12.46 years (range: 28 – 85) with complaint of chest pain and final diagnosis of acute MI visited the center during the study period (76.8% male). Before hospitalization in the cardiac care unit, these patients stayed in ED for an average of 12.6 ± 6.5 hours (range: 0.2 – 23.5). Most patients were in the > 50 years age group (74.3%) and had an education level less than high school diploma (91.7%). Mean duration of being affected with hypertension, diabetes, cardiac diseas es, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking for the studied patients were 6.1 ± 4.7 (1 - 20), 6.34 ± 5.9 (1 - 30), 7.1 ± 5.2 (1 - 21), 4.1 ± 3.3 (1 - 14), and 21.5 ± 11 (2 - 50) years, respectively. Mean time interval between symptom manifestation and ED visit was 12.9 ± 6.3 (1 - 24) hours. Patients reported their history of similar pains to go back to about 6.9 ± 3.4 ( - 12) months prior. In most patients, pain site was in anterior chest (88.7%), with sweating 61.01%) and without radiating to arms or jaws (86.3%). Most comm on dysrhythmia observed in this group of patients was ventricular tachycardia (24.4%). Since angiography and surgical intervention equipment were not available, all patients underwent thrombolytic therapy. Only 16 (9.5%) patients had positive troponin on a rrival. Finally, 9 (5.4%) patients died.
Based on the findings of the present study, most cases of MI in the studied center were male, over the age of 50 years, smokers, and had an education level less than high school diploma. The most common site of MI was in the anterior heart wall with anterior chest pain and ventricular tachycardia. In this evaluation, mortality rate of patients with MI was calculated to be 5.4% in the studied center.

Coronary artery disease is considered as main factor for patients’ hospitalization. Chest pain is the most common symptoms of patients and its assessment is an important factor in coronary artery disease. So, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the severity of chest pain with physiological indexes in patients with coronary artery disease.
This study was a descriptive-analytical design that performed on 80 patients with that were hospitalized in coronary care unit of Shahid Mofatteh Hospital in Varamin city, Iran, from March to September, 2014. In this study, the relationship between the chest pain severity and blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, O2 saturation and ST segment alterations were assessed. Finally, the gathered data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
The mean of chest pain severity was 6.51±2.14 in patients. Patients’ age was between 26 to 85 years old and the mean of age was 60.79±13.79 and there was no significant correlation between age and chest pain severity (P=0.985). Also male and female patients were equal. There was no significant difference between chest pain severity of men and women (P=0.471). The findings of study showed no correlation between chest pain severity and heart rate (r=-0.174 and P=0.122), respiratory rate (r=-0.013 and P=0.909), O2 saturation (r=0.051 and P=0.651), ST segment alterations (r=0.07 and P=0.539). Also, there was no significant difference between chest pain severity and systolic pressure (P=0.353), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.312) and body mass index (P=0.256) among patients.
In this study, there were not enough evidences for relation between chest pain and physiological indexes in patients with coronary artery disease. So performing more studies in another settings and conditions recommended.