فهرست مطالب saeid javadi khederi

The whitefly, Aleuroclava jasmini Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest on paper mulberry Brousson etiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae) plants in the green space of Tehran, Iran. Considering the importance of essential oils in the integrated management program of pests, the present survey were carried out to assess the insecticidal effects of essential oils extracted from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae), and neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) on mortality of immature stages of A. jasmini including eggs, first-instar nymphs, and pupae, and adult repellency. Three doses of the above mentioned essential oils consisting of 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% (v/v), were tested in contact toxicity assays. Separately, various essential oils (0.5%), as well as Tween-20 (0.5%) were applied as treated and control for adult repellency. Responses differed according to the type and concentration of oils, as well as growth stage of A. jasmini. The highest mortality was detected with increasing concentration of assayed essential oils. The results showed that younger nymphs were more sensitive to treatments than other growth stages. Essential oil derived from T. vulgaris was the most effective, decreasing the survival rate of eggs, nymphs and pupae 64%, 76% and 50%, respectively, as compared with controls. In free-choice assays, the mean numbers of eggs laid on 0.5% A. indica and T. vulgaris oil-treated plants were 80.98% and 58.57% lower than on control plants, respectively. In conclusion, extracted oils from T. vulgaris and A. indica represented the highest contact toxicity, and repellency to A. jasmini respectively. Finally, the assayed essential oils show promise for inclusion in integrated A. jasmini management programs in green space of Tehran, Iran.

Rose plant (R osa hybrid) is cultivated in nearly all regions of Iran and they are more common in the western areas of Iran. The intensive cultivation of rose often leads to injuries by pathogens or noxious animals and may require the implementation of pest control measures. Among the insect pests of roses, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is fairly common pest that it is considered as major pests on roses in Iran. This pest infests the undersides of rose leaves, where the feeding adults and nymphs produce honeydew on which sooty mould grows. Considering the importance of oils in the integrated management program of this pest, in the present survey the possibility of whitefly control on rose plant were carried out to assess mortality rate (MR), synergistic rate (SR) and Lc50 of the oils and common insecticide.
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the experimental site of National Ornamental Plant Institute, Mahallt, Iran. The plants (Rosa hybrid Apollo) were cut to stimulate rooting and then grown in plot containing a mixture of sand and sheep manure. Nine rose plant cuttings were planted in each plot with 1m2 space and 0.5 m distance each plot. So, each treatment had 9 shrubs of rose. The greenhouse whitefly T. vaporariorum were collected from infested rose plants and reared on rose. Each rose plant with one-year old was infested via 200 different stages of the whitefly. Fourteen days after infesting, compounds were sprayed on the infested plants with electrostatic atomizer backpack sprayer. Before spraying, plots were separated by plastic. Whitefly different stages from behind of three leaflets that separated from 15, 20 and 25 cm tip of plant were counted under a stereomicroscope (10 X) one day before and seven days after treatment. The effect of oils and common insecticide on whitefly mortality rate (MR) was performed in completely randomized block design with 20 treatments, 3 blocks and 4 replications. In addition, the bioassay of neem oil, citowett and volk on nymphal stages (2-4) as well as whiteflies adult were assayed in the greenhouse condition. The bioassay was carried out in clear plastic cages containing a leaf with three leaflets connected to the plant, containing 30 nymphs or 30 adults. Moreover, the bioassay of deltamethrin on adults and buprofezin on the nymphs and also synergistic rate (SR) of three oils including neem oil, citowett and volk on deltamethrin and buprofezin were estimated. The followed formula {SR= (Lc50A ⷎ)/Lc50 (A)} was used for calculating synergistic rate. For bioassay testes, the clear plastic cages containing three leaflets as well as 30 nymphs and also 30 adult whiteflies were used.
Based on the result of the mortality rate of oils and common insecticide, the treatment control, which was neem oil (1 ml/L) mixed with deltamethrin (0.5 ml/L), was caused 91.72 and 90.79 % MR of nymphs and adult whiteflies, respectively. Also the neem oil (0.5 ml/L) and citowett (0.25 ml/L) after water treatment had the lowest effect on the adult and nymphal stages mortality. When the oils separately were used, their LC50 were higher than they used simultaneously with deltamethrin and buprofezin. The results of the bioassay showed the Lc50 of deltamethrin mixed with neem oil, citowett and volk as: 417.55, 290.51 and 639.07 ppm, respectively. The synergistic effect of neem oil, citowett and volk with deltamethrin on the mortality rate of adult whitefly was estimated as 3.62, 5.45 and 2.56, respectively. The highest SR (7.24) of buprofezin for nymphal stage was occurred when it mixed with citowett. In addition, the SR of this pesticide was 4.86 and 3.55 for neem and volk, respectively. Also the Lc50 of buprofezin mixed with neem, citowett and volk were 214.26, 177.32 and 559.56 ppm, respectively.
According to the effect of buprofezin on insect moulting, using of this pesticide mixed with citowett, neem and volk may be helpful for chemical control of nymphal stage of whitefly. In addition, based on our results deltamethrin mixed with same oils is recommended for adult control in integrated pest management programs of this pest. Proper application of pesticides along with oilscan increase synergistic effect of pesticide and reduce their harmful effects.

Pepper plant Capsicum annuum L. has great nutritional value and many pharmaceutical properties but its sensitivity to pests such as Aphis gossypii Glover, especially in drought stress conditions, has limited its production. To evaluate the effect of drought stress on the population and damage rate of this pest in greenhouse condition, four moisture treatments including; full irrigation, 15, 30 and 45 percent of water deficit, and four treatments with different amounts of super absorbent polymer (SAP) containing 2, 4, 6 and 8 g per pot were separately performed in completely randomized design. Four weeks after applying drought stress, the pots were moved near the aphid sources. Density of aphids was examined after one month of infestation, and the plant growth characteristics after two months. It was found that the increase in severe drought stress (45% DI45) significantly raised the population of this pest and remarkably decreased plant growth rate and yield. However, the low stress of drought (15% DI15) not only caused relative reduction of insect’s population, but also saved water consumption and increased crop yield. However, the insect population was elevated as a result of increase in the amount of irrigation. Although the excessive use of SAP (8 g) increased the aphid population, the current experiment showed the use of 4 and 6 g of super absorbents could minimize the irrigation stress, decrease the pest population and improve yield of the plants by retaining the moisture in drought conditions.

The life history of Bryobia rubrioculus Scheuten (Acari: Tetranychidae) on sour cherry leaves was studied based on the age-stage, two-sex life table at nine constant temperatures (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 33.5 ºC), 60 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) h. The longest and shortest total development time of the mites were obtained as 62.6 ± 1.66 and 14.2 ± 0.20 days at 15 and 32.5 ºC, respectively. As temperature increased from 15 to 32.5 ºC, the life span of the mites decreased from 83.5 ± 2.14 to 24.7 ± 0.39 days, respectively. The highest and lowest total fecundity was observed as 37.3 ± 1.63 and 6.3 ± 1.06 eggs at 17.5 and 15 ºC, respectively. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) was obtained as 0.1108 ± 0.005d-1 at 30 ºC. The mean generation time (T) ranged from 78.1 ± 2.8 to 19.1 ± 0.2 days at 15 and 32.5 ºC. Survi-vorship data (lx) of adult females were summarized and compared using the shape and scale parameters of the Weibull frequency distribution model. The lower temperature threshold (t) and thermal constant (k) of the immature stages were estimated using the Ikemoto and Takai linear model to be 8.9 ºC and 361.3 degree days (DD), respectively. The optimum temperatures were calculated by selected nonlinear models including Analytis1/Allahyari, Hilbert and Logan, and Logan-6 models to be 33.10, 33.90 and 32.40 ºC, respectively.

The antixenosis effects of Galia, CMD-158, CMC-132, CMI-157, CMI-167, CMI-175, Ananasi, Yellow Canary, Samsoori, Honey Dew, Bargney, CM-170, Khaghani and Garmsari, and the life table parameters of T. turkestani on CMC-132, CMI-167, Ananasi, Samsoori, Honey Dew and Bargney, were examined at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10 % RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 L:D. In free-choice assay, the lowest preferences by adults were observed on CMI-167, Samsoori and Ananasi opposed to Honey Dew and Bargney were preferred the highest by adults of T. turkestani. The longest developmental times for both sexes were observed on CMC-132 and Ananasi, while the shortest developmental times were obtained on Honey Dew, Samsoori for females. The lowest total fecundity was observed on CMC-132 whereas the maximum was on Honey Dew. In addition, the highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (l) of T. turkestani were observed on the Honey Dew. The Weibull and Enkegaard models were used to fit survivorship (lx) and age specific fecundity (mx) data, respectively. The comparison and cluster analysis of biological parameters of T. turkestani on different melon genotypes demonstrated that CMC-132, Ananasi and CMI-167 were the most resistant genotypes to this pest.

The grape erineum mite (GEM), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) is considered to be one of the most important pests, that sometimes causes irreversible damages to grapevine cultivars in western parts of Iran. Studies were carried out in order to find natural enemies associated to GEM, during 2011-2013. Results indicated that natural enemies included two species of predatory mites belonging to the families Phytoseiidae [Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) khosrovensis, T. (Anthoseius) bagdasarjani], Tydeidae (Neopronematus sp.), one species of Anystidae (Anystis baccarum), one species of Stigmaeidae (Zetzellia mali), one species of dipteran: Cecidomyiidae (Arthrocnodax vitis Rubsaamen), four species, belonging to the family Coccinellidae (Stethorus gilvifrons, Coccinella septempunctata, Hipodamya varigiata, Harmonia sp.), two species of predatory bugs belonging to the family Anthocoridae (Orius albidipennis, O. niger) and one species of Chrysopidae (Chrysopa carnea). Amongst them the cecidomiid, the tydeid mite and the phytoseiid mites, had higher population densities in this area.

Brown mite, Bryobia rubrioculus Scheuten, is one of the most important pests of apple trees in western Iran. Development and fecundity of this mite were studied on apple at five constant temperatures (20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C), 60 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The developmental time of immature stages ranged from 39.65 ± 0.96 days at 20°C to 18.18 ± 0.47 days at 30°C. The lower temperature threshold (t) and thermal constant (k) of the immature stages were estimated to be 12.9°C and 279.7 degree days (DD), respectively. The average adult longevity of females was determined to be 16.75 ± 1.14 days at 20°C to 8.58 ± 0.38 days at 30°C. The highest and lowest mean number of eggs per female during adult life was 4.79 ± 1.36 and 3.75 ± 1.49 at 30 and 20°C, respectively. The results of this study can be used to predict the development and population dynamics of B. rubrioculus.

The Grape Erineum Mite (GEM), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a serious pest of vine (Vitis vinifera L.) in western Iran. Host plant resistance has not been explored as a method for its Integrated Mite Management. In this study, GEM-vine interactions and the biochemical features potentially related to vine resistance/ sensitiveness have been investigated on Fakhri, Gazne and White Thompson seedless cultivated in field conditions in western Iran. The lowest and highest mite densities were found on leaves of White Thompson Seedless and Gazne, respectively. As expected, reduction of healthy leaf area, increase of leaf weight, shortening of shoots and erinea formation were more relevant on the most infested Gazne; White Thompson Seedless appeared to be affected by GEM infestation. The diameter of grape berries and their weight did not differ significantly between infested and control plants on all cultivars. Mite density appeared to be negatively related to the sugar content only for Gazne grape. The amount of the leaf waxes was highest in White Thompson Seedless on which the lowest mite density, the lowest percentage of erinea and largest healthy leaf areas were detected. Carbohydrate content of leaves was the lowest on the least mite-infested Thomson seedless and the highest on the most infested Gazne, while phenols decreased in Gazne after mite infestation.