saeid salehi

This research examines the tension between modernization and preservation of cultural heritage in Bandar Laft, a historical port village in Iran that has undergone significant changes due to economic growth and modernization. One hypothesis is the combination of traditional architectural features and materials in new buildings and the other hypothesis is to preserve and protect the historical monuments of the region. The research method uses a qualitative and normative approach using phenomenological and hierarchical research strategies to deepen the content and reach basic concepts. A conceptual framework is presented using modeling, conceptual matrices, and drawing comparative diagrams. The acquisition steps included completing the matrix based on documents, observations, available background and interviews with residents. The coordinates of the meanings in the place and mind of each element of the residential fabric of Bandar Laft were drawn and the frequency of each concept was calculated. The highest score and average semantic values of Bandar Laft's local historical context were obtained at "immediate-primary" value levels. This research concludes that old textures have a functional-instrumental level of value, which is important because it aligns the reality of the fabric with the associated meaning in the viewer's mind. On the other hand, new textures try to be in tune with the spirit of the times, but often lack individual and private connotations. This comparative analysis provides insights into ways to balance economic growth and development with cultural heritage preservation in the built environment of Bandar Laft.

Trichostrongylus is an intestinal parasite that is highly prevalent in humans and livestock worldwide. There is limited information about the prevalence and epidemiology of Trichostrongylus species among the infected livestock in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. This study aimed to identify Trichostrongylus spp. among small ruminants using morphometric and molecular methods.

Small intestinal organs of sheep and goats, slaughtered in Mazandaran Province, were examined for infectivity with Trichostrongylus parasites. Primary species identification was conducted based on the morphological characterization of the male worms. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) II regions of the ribosomal DNA of the worm tissues were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and then the product was subjected to sequencing. Subsequently, the PCR products of the ITS II region were subjected to digestion by HinfI and DraI restriction enzymes using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

Of 180 samples, 98 (54.44%) were confirmed positive for Trichostrongylus based on the conventional PCR. The digestion of the PCR products with HinfI and DraI facilitated the identification of three Trichostrongylus species, namely Trichostrongylus colubriformis (35%, 90.81%), Trichostrongylus axei (4%, 4.08%), and Trichostrongylus vitrinus (5%, 5.1%). Both morphometric and RFLP techniques resulted in the differentiation of the three Trichostrongylus species.

The present study was the 1st attempt in the last 30 years for the identification of Trichostrongylus species in small ruminants in Mazandaran Province. The findings of this study can be helpful for epidemiological and ecological studies, the establishment of effective control programs, and the management of gastrointestinal parasites in Mazandaran Province.

The current research conducted with the aim of identifying the effective structures on the success of nomadic cooperatives in Fars province. This research used a quantitative approach, which conducted using a survey method. The data obtained via a questionnaire from 380 nomadic cooperatives members in Fars province, who selected using Krejcie and Morgan table with proportional assignment. The results showed that the relationships between internal factors such as relationship between socio-cultural, economic and management structures as well as external factors i.e. socio-cultural, economic, policy and educational structures with the success of nomadic cooperatives was positive and significant at 1% level. In addition, the results of multiple regression in a step-by-step method showed that internal factors such as economic, socio-cultural, educational and managerial structures as well as external economic, political and socio-cultural structures totaled 79.1% of the changes in the dependent variable. Therefore, internal and external factors are effective and have a role in the activities of cooperative companies, which directly and indirectly influence the way cooperatives operate. According to the results, for nomadic cooperatives to be more successful, holding empowerment meetings and workshops related to the principles and goals of the cooperative and the duties of the members and the board of directors recommended. Moreover, providing suitable and easily accessible banking facilities and communicating with other cooperatives by holding meetings to introduce the best cooperatives in the field of production, marketing, and performance, high profitability and waste reduction are also recommended.

Settlement and transition plans from nomadic systems to modern systems have become an inevitable necessity as one of the ways to achieve development. However, the theoretical point of view, actors and acting coach and Specific unique operational method are not defined for it and it is understood and implemented in the same way in every nomadic space. Based on this issue, the aim of the current research is to extract and model the procedure and process of the current status of guided settlement plans and to identify the damages in this procedure. Considering the existence of a wide range of nomads and the implementation of the first guided settlement plan in Fars province, these were investigated. The population and the statistical sample of the research included documents (cases of 48 guided settlement) and experts in the field of nomadic settlement (7 people). Data were collected archaically and field study then analyzed through content analysis of documents and interviews. The findings showed that in the existing procedure, there are 12 steps for the discussion and implementation of the guided settlement plan, which were abstracted in the form of 4 categories of "decision-making, decision-taking, contextualization and operationalization". In addition, by examining each step, its damages were identified and reported. According to the purpose of the research, it can be concluded that for the existing guided accommodation procedures, do not exist the agreed theory of accommodation in the eyes of experts, coherent organizational procedure, post-settlement policies and paying attention to improving indicators of human welfare and development and also examining the issue of the transition period from migration to settlement in terms of duration and guardian. Based on this result, it was proposed to review the theoretical basis and definition of settlement, determine the type and manner of role-playing of settlement actors and acting coach, interdisciplinary encounter with settlement and adopt participatory planning and community foundation in policy making and policy implementation.

The increasing growth of human population and the number of livestock and wasteful has led to a rise in the trend of land degradation in the last few decades. Identifying the factors of destruction and sustainability of Rangelands is one of the first steps in reforming the exploitation of these resources and rehabilitating them. hence This study was done on the necessity of analysis and evaluation of the destruction of vegetation cover in Fars province. Effective choices were determined by reviewing the research resources and were grouped into Four indicators including: Hydrology (H), plant production (P), soil (S) and Atherogenic (A). The reference group of 45 experts familiar with the field of research consisted of all local operators and Operators available and a number of researchers determined in snowball method. The Questionnaires were Designed separately and scored by the reference group according to the two methods of Boolean evaluation and Fuzzy Delphi. The mean values of the indices and options were ranked and analyzed in a comparison method. Reliability was investigated by Cronbach's alpha test 0.88) and confirmed the existence of fit between Components of the questionnaire. the convergence of the results of the two above methods confirms the validity of the two methods, given that the two Boolean and Fuzzy methods were evaluated. the evaluation of Sustainability indices in fuzzy method showed that the human and soil indices have the highest relative weight, respectively, with the weight of 0.480 and 0.330 respectively. plant and climate production indices and hydrology are less important in terms of relative weight of 0.134 and 0.056, respectively. the weight and the Computational importance of indicators in the Boolean method is much less than that, and it can be said that in Comparison of the Boolean and Fuzzy methods, the fuzzy method has more performance and helps with a diverse Range of responses to provide clearer and clearer results for the evaluation of sustainability.

One of the common and growing perspectives on achieving sustainability is to formulate its indicators based on local data alongside with a guided and experimental approach. On this basis, designing and prioritization of rangeland sustainability indicators from the experts perspectives in the nomadic rangelands of Kham Namdan in Eghlid county, Robat Sarvestan and Dogush Naderi of Khanj county were done. These three regions were considered as the representatives of seasonal nomadic rangelands, cold, temperate and warm, of Fars province, respectively. In this study, multivariate decision-making methods, fuzzy Delphi, hierarchical analysis (AHP) and TOPSIS method were used. The questionnaire criteria were divided into four categoris: climate and meteorology, crop production, soil and anthropogenic. Analysis of the results at the level of indices showed that anthropogenic and soil indices with a weight of 0.480 and 0.330 were the highest, respectively, and crop production and climate and hydrological indices with relative weights of 0.134 and 0.056 were fallen in the next rank. At the level of options or criteria, all unapproved options were related to the anthropogenic index, while in the indicators of climate and hydrology, crop production and soil, all options were approved by experts. Paired comparison of the options also shows that the options of income and capital, ownership and types of visible soil erosion with relative weights of 0.16, 0.13 and 0.11 have the highest priority. On the contrary, for drought index, average annual temperature and access to alternative forage with relative weights less than 0.005 have the lowest priority. The results of TOPSIS method showed that options: finance (income, savings, loans and insurance), ownership (land, livestock, housing and car) and types of erosion are superior to other options.

With the rise in land value and its commodification in the contemporary era, the area of houses has been gradually reduced, and the houses with courtyards have been turned into small apartments. Hence, the residents' relationship with nature in the yard and the outdoor space, as a public space, has faced substantial changes. The contemporary residential architecture of Iran has redefined its relationship with the outdoor space more than anything in the transition from tradition to modernity and has explored a new way of dialectic discontinuity and interconnection. Therefore, the research question is the relationship between the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection and the prominent patterns of the contemporary housing of Tehran based on the role of the closed and opened spaces. The current research aimed to study the relationship between the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection in the prominent patterns of the contemporary residential architecture of Tehran, including three patterns- traditional (courtyard at the early Qajar era), traditional-contemporary (villa houses with a courtyard in the first and second Pahlavi era), and contemporary (apartments after the Islamic revolution)- based on which the dialectic of discontinuity and interconnection in the open and closed spaces can be explained. Various parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection of the houses in Tehran and the space syntax features were identified using valid library studies and the qualitative descriptive research method. Then, the relationship between the various parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection and the indicators of the space syntax were studied using logical reasoning. The case studies in the experimental theorem of logical reasoning were analyzed using pairwise comparison in the analytical hierarchy process by Expert Choice. Also, the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection on the three main patterns were evaluated using the space syntax method by DepthMap software in the analytical theorem. The results of analyzing the Iranian human's interaction with nature in the modernization processes show that the open and semi-open spaces in the residential units have lost their nature than in the past.

We aimed to identify Neospora caninum DNA in the brain samples of aborted fetuses of cattle, goats, and sheep in Mazandaran, northern Iran, using PCR.

In total, 133 aborted fetuses (51 sheep, 78 cattle, and 4 goats) were randomly collected from different stages of gestation in various regions of Mazandaran, Iran, from Mar 2016 to May 2017. The DNA was extracted from all the brain samples using phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol instructions. The Nc-5 gene was used for the detection of N. caninum DNA by nested-PCR assay.

The detection of N. caninum DNA was confirmed by the observation of a 227 bp band in 24 samples of 133 aborted fetuses (18.1%). The highest prevalence rate of N. caninum was detected in the cattle (20.5%) followed by the sheep (15.6%); however, no positive cases were reported in the goats. The highest and lowest prevalence rates of the infection were reported as 23.8% and 8.6% in Qaemshahr, and Behshahr, respectively. The prevalence rate of infection (32%) in the early gestational period was higher than those in the middle (15%) and late (3.8%) gestational periods.

The obtained data of the present study indicated that N. caninum infection may partly be responsible for abortion and economic loss in livestock farming in Mazandaran Province.

Problem statement: 

One of the main tasks of architecture is to regulate indoor and outdoor communication. Lack of attention to this communication and coexistence between them is one of the problems that architecture faces today and the result is the lack of quality in living spaces and dissatisfaction of humans in residential spaces. The walls, as the first mediator between outside and inside, regulate this dialectic between man and environment, which have taken different forms in different periods. How walls affect the user’s perception of space from the dialectic of rupture and connection is a question that the present study seeks to understand.

This study aims to investigate the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection, to develop a model based on the perception of users and explain how different factors interact in this process.

The present study is qualitative with an interpretive paradigm Grounded theory method. Key informants has been selected with snowball method and sampling method is purposive theoretical with semi structured inteviews.. Data collection proceeded until reaching to theoretical saturation and was analyzed and three step coded in Max QDA software with the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin and presented in the form of Creswell paradigm model.

The obtained model showed that the dialectical change of rupture and connection, is dependent on the time-space context and is the result of the interaction of various factors. In this regard, the central phenomenon of the obtained model, called the wall monologue, reflectsthe fuzzy perception of the users from the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection. This means that in the range of rupture and connection of today’s houses, the perception of users, is in the range of “more rupture than connection”, while the individual parameters, were recognized as the most effective parameter in the perception process.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded species. This study aimed to obtain further information on the role of T. gondii infection in ruminant abortion (sheep, goats and cattle) using bioassay and PCR methods in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.

Overall, 104 aborted fetuses (52 bovine, 48 ovine, 4 caprine) were collected at different stages of gestation during the lambing seasons in various parts of Mazandaran Province from Mar 2016 to May 2017. Brains of 104 aborted fetuses were bioassayed in female BALB/c mice. DNA was extracted from all brain samples using phenol-chloroform-isoamyl Alcohol instructions. RE gene was used for detection all of T. gondii DNA by conventional PCR assay.

The results of the bioassayed samples were negative because no tachyzoites or cyst were observed in the peritoneal and brain specimens of the mice. The detection of T. gondii DNA was confirmed by observation of a 529 bp band in 15 out of 104 fetuses (14.4%). The highest prevalence rate of T. gondii detected from sheep (16.6%) followed by cattle (13.4%) and goats (0%). The highest prevalence of the infection was observed in east area, while the lowest prevalence of the infection was observed in west area.

T. gondii infection may partly be responsible for abortion and economic losses in livestock husbandry in this region. Therefore, further additional researches such as genotyping T. gondii and designing control strategies for improving management in livestock flocks are necessary.

Hospitals are the most important element of the health system. Hospitals play a key role in providing health services and have a major impact on the health system's performance. The success of organizations depends on their managers’ performance. Organizations with qualified and experienced managers will be more successful in achieving their goals and can reach optimal efficiency. This is a phenomenological qualitative study in which content analysis was used to achieve study objectives. The study population included the hospitals managers and senior experts of the vice chancellor for treatment of a provincial department of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. Participants were selected by purposive and heterogeneous methods and data collection continued until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected by semi-structured face-to-face interviews. From our data, seven main themes were drawn, consisting of monitoring and control, planning, organizing, leadership and motivational factors, management of resources and information, communication and interdepartmental coordination and patient orientation Hospital managers play a key role in improving hospital function. Assessing hospital managers' performance, determining their strengths and weaknesses and taking corrective actions are beneficial to the improvement of hospitals’ performance.

Many environmental problems are rooted in human behavior and can thus be solved by understanding behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal effect of ‘general environmental beliefs’ and ‘special groundwater belief’ on ‘groundwater sustainable behavior’ among agricultural groundwater users in Fars Province. This study is a ‘descriptive and causal-correlative’ research that was conducted using survey technique as a research method by using the paradigms of environmental psychology. The units of analysis was agricultural groundwater users (owners of agricultural wells; N=1224). Based on the stratified random sampling method, 296 people were selected as a sample in three high, medium and low vulnerability range of groundwater studies limits. A researcher-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which its validity and reliability were confirmed by using a panel of university professors and relevent experts and using Cronbach's alpha (0.61≤α≤0.82), respectively. A causal analysis was performed by using Structural Equations Modeling. The results showed special groundwater belief was strong determinant of groundwater sustainable behavior that is affected by human exception paradigm and new environmental paradigm. According to results, new human interdependence paradigm has the most direct causal effect and human exception paradigm has the most indirect causal effect on groundwater sustainable behavior.

One of the prominent fields in the health domain is the empowering and stabilizing families against difficulties. The purpose of the present study was to prediction the family resiliency based on family forgiveness and spirituality. The research method was descriptive and correlational. Statistical population consisted of all married teachers in Selseleh city in academic year of 2015-2016. The sample included 212 individuals (72 female and 140 male) who were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method. The measurement tools consisted of Family Hardiness Index (FHI), Family Forgiveness Scale (FFS) and the Spiritual Attitudes and Ability Questionnaire (SAAQ). The research findings showed that there was a significant correlation among forgiveness and spirituality variables with family resiliency. Moreover, there was a significant and positive correlation between forgiveness and family resiliency. The findings indicated that the forgiveness and the spirituality could have a role in promoting family resiliency.

The quality of the compost produced is one of the most important and effective parameters in its marketing and external materials presence in the compost have specific consideration. This study was conducted to investigate the quantity and quality of foreign materials in the compost produced by Khomein and Tehran plants. This study was conducted on the compost produced by Khomein and Tehran plants in 9 months; 10 composite samples were gathered and the external constituents such as glass, plastic, metal, miscellaneous and sand were analyzed, then to compare the data t-test analysis was used. The average percentage of glass, plastic, metal, miscellaneous and sand in Tehran and Khomein compost were 0.62, 0.22, 0.84, 2.24 and 1.17, 0.17, 0.02, 1.36, 3.61, respectively; which were in accordance to the considered standards. Moreover, the statistical analysis showed that except the plastic, there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the other parameters average in Tehran and Khomein’s composts. In general, the compost produced by Tehran and Khomein plants did not have any significant problem in terms of external materials. However, as the presence of external materials causes the farmers hesitation to buy the compost, the source separation of inorganic materials and prohibition of mixed compost production could improve the compost quality and its markets.