saeideh mirabi

The concept of sexuality plays an important role in the formation of values ​​of the modern world and current Iran. Despite the importance and changes in sexuality, little attention has been paid to this theoretical field. This study is a narrative review of the most important theoretical approaches to sexuality and its essence. The method used in this article is narrative review and has been done in six states; Identifying credible sources, categorizing sexuality theories, selecting and introducing the most cited theories, identifying commonalities and differentiating of theories, synthesis theories based on their commonalities and logical compatibility, and evaluating theories. After investigating the literature, the researchers found that Michel Foucault (1929-1984) is the most important and influential theorist in sexuality. Generally, theoretical approaches to sexuality included “Gay Liberation Theories”, Theories of “Sexuality Constructionism”, “Queer Theories”, and “Transgender Theories”. Regarding the mentioned theoretical approaches, sexuality is defined as a set of values, rules, and social beliefs about sex. Sexuality is social construction, or inherent sexual orientation of individuals. Furthermore, capitalist economic system and its developmental plans have shaped Western sexuality. The sexuality in the modern times resulted in the reproduction control, family-system control and the definition of distinct sexual identities. These consequences, on the one hand, leads to sexual repression and on the other, makes sex the nodal point of modern discourses. After evaluating theories of sexuality, it is understood that the theories proposed after Foucault are an extension of his concepts. These theories have been formed in response to marginal sex/gender groups and issues.

Regarding the importance of women and gender equality in countries’ development, this article seeks to understand the role of women in development policies after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The method of critical discourse analysis has been used to identify the role of women in development policies after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. To achieve this purpose was analyzed six documents of the development laws were adopted after the Islamic Revolution. Based on the analysis of the documents, three discourses about women and development are distinguishable from each other. The first discourse is called "gender development", which has emerged in the law of the first, third and fourth development programs. The second discourse is called " development as a threat to women " This discourse is placed in the law of second and fifth development law. "Women as the agents of development" is the name of the third discourse that can be seen in the sixth law. The discourse considers women who contribute to future development, not through work and education, but through greater fertility.
The central signs of the discourse of "gender development" are "gender equality” and “decreased fertility rate”, the central sign of the discourse of "development as a threat to women" is the " Cultural invasion " and The central signs of the discourse of "women as the agents of development" are "reproduction of gender roles” and “increase fertility rate”. As a result of the third discourse, women will increasingly become vulnerable groups and social development will not be achieved. Therefore, policymakers should balance the population needed for development and gender development.

Foucault’s theoretical foundations have often undergone significant rotations. Foucault’s commentators usually divide his scientific period into the duality of archeology-genealogy or the triad of archeology-genealogy-ethics. In this paper, Foucault’s archeology was analyzed through a meta-theoretical approach based on a combined model. This model is a selection of Ritzer’s meta-theoretical logic (including four external-social, internal-social, external-intellectual, and internal-intellectual approaches) and Chalabi’s conceptual package (including four analytical elements of theory including theory-building equipment, theoretical claims range, theoretical functions, and Theoretical construction). The results show that although archeology is less important to researchers than genealogy; however, in addition to being an efficient theoretical approach to historical, sociological research, it provides a different perspective on society, history, knowledge, and knowledge; It is also a methodological approach with separate guidelines and with a fluid and flexible structure that can be used effectively in dynamic sociological, historical research and make it dynamic. The most important criticisms of archaeology are the neglect of political and historical complexities, the failure of the archaeology of knowledge as the subject of succession to epistemology, and philosophical vacuum and refusal to search for a meaningful source for restoring the scattered historical determination of human

 One of the fundamental questions of demographers and sociologists is why the fertility rate has decreased during the recent ages. Social scientists consider different factors to explain fertility behavior changes in the 20th and 21st centuries. Here, the main question is what changes have been occurred in the awareness of the modern individual and how she sees childbearing. Iran is also one of the countries which have seen a remarkable decline in fertility rate over the last 50 years. This research investigates the awareness of married women about childbearing.

The research has been performed by the phenomenological method. Childbearing experiences and awareness of 11 married women have been studied in this research. In effect, every Phenomenological study includes in-depth explanations and accurate analysis of lived experience. The current study has been performed by Mostakas method. In the first stage, the problem of research is developed and then the philosophical and phenomenological assumptions are collected. Also, purposive and also accessible samplings have been applied in this study. The researcher has studied the experience and consciousness of 11 married women aged 15-40.  In the third stage, the investigator collected the research information using the deep interview method. In the last stage, the researcher has analyzed the data and extracted meaningful and important propositions or semantic units, clusters, and themes from the phrases.
 

According to the current research findings, childbearing social phenomenon includes central themes such as childbearing meaning, children's ideal number, children's rational number, children's sexual preference, childbearing reasons, childbearing barriers, excessive rational childbearing barriers, concerns for childbearing, concerns for not having children, the experience of having children, pregnancy experience, pregnancy imagination, following mother's childbearing pattern, the reasons for the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of children's number in source family, and finally, how the mother encourages them to have children. It is worth noting that this social phenomenon is resulted from participants' inter-subjectivity on childbearing. To the research participants, the meaning of childbearing includes sacrificing, developing marital life, meeting emotional needs, and fulfilling the desire of childbearing. The average of children's ideal number for each studied woman is 2.7. The average of children's rational number, which means the number of children that every woman can have by considering her situations, is 1.4. Participants prefer to have the girl rather than the boy. The childbearing reasons include religious beliefs, developing marital relationship, the desire of being a mother, the negation of having only one child, and the functions which are accompanied with childbearing for the parents. According to the participants, these functions are emotional. Childbearing barriers cover economic, social, and psychological barriers, disorder in marital relationship, the desire of development, the ideals of raising a child, and cognitive reasons. Childbearing barriers which are excessive rational contain economic barriers, social barriers, lack of source family support, negative lived experience, the fear of being pregnant and also the fear of giving birth, the desire of development, the importance of child quality, child problems, and individual limitations. The concern about childbearing covers economic circumstances, employment, education, and the difficulty of raising a child. The major concern of not having a child is the fear of loneliness. The experience of having children contains its difficulties and pleasures. The pregnancy experience includes the feeling of concern, maternal feelings, difficult or simple pregnancy, and having an abortion. Moreover, the majority of women who have no children felt anxious by the imagination of being pregnant. Most of the participants prefer not to follow the childbearing pattern of their mother (which was almost 4 children). Also, most of the mother participants encourage them for childbearing. Finally, it can be said that cultural changes on childbearing should be considered in Iran's demographic policies. In fact, childbearing is changing in Iran and becomes multidimensional which includes not only the economic factors, but also socio-cultural ones.