sahar asadi

The natural diatomite nanoparticles (Dt) were covalently functionalized by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propylamine (MSPA) and salicylaldehyde to support VO(acac)2 and MoO2(acac)2 precursor complexes. The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR, PXRD, SEM, EDX, ICP, and BET techniques. Then they were used to catalyze the heterogeneous epoxidation of cis‐cyclooctene as a model alkene using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Various parameters that affect catalytic efficiency were investigated, and the optimized experimental conditions were successfully used for the epoxidation of other linear and non-linear alkenes. The important advantages of these new catalytic systems are their simple preparation, low catalyst loading, and high product yield. Moreover, these catalysts can be used up to three times for an efficient epoxidation of cis‐cyclooctene.

In this research, geopolymer composites were prepared using metakaolin along with silica fume and potassium hydroxide as alkaline activators and alumina particles. The effect of alumina particle size to achieve castable microstructure and their mechanical properties were investigated. Different Si:Al mole ratio (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3) and K:Si mole ratio (0.20, 0.25, 0.33) were formulated and the strength was maximized at Si:Al=2.5 and K:Si=0.33. However, its deformation and porous microstructure at high temperatures greatly reduced dimensional stability and strength. Microstructural properties and mechanical strength of samples sintered at 600, and 1000 oC after heating and at environmental conditions were studied and significant changes in the microstructure and strength of samples were observed. Sintering in the presence of the liquid phase caused the pores to collapse, creating a strong bond between the particles and increasing the density at 1000oC.

Synkinesis and facial asymmetry due to facial nerve palsy are distressing conditions that affect quality of life. Unfortunately, these sequelae of facial nerve palsy are unresolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a combination of biofeedback therapy and botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection for the management of synkinesis and asymmetry of facial muscles. Among referrals from three university hospitals, 34 patients with facial synkinesis were divided randomly into two groups. All participants wereevaluated using Photoshop software, videotape, and facial grading system (FGS). The firstgroup received a single dose of BTX-A at the start of treatment, while the second group received normal saline as a control. Bothgroups received electromyography (EMG) biofeedback threetimes a week for 4 months. The mean FGS values for the BTX group before and after treatment were 55.17and 74.17, respectively, and those for the biofeedback group were 66.31 and 81.37,respectively. Moreover, it was shown that in both groups oral-ocular and oculo-oral synkinesisdecreased significantly after treatment compared with before treatment (P0.05). Biofeedback therapy is as effective as the combination of biofeedback and BTX in reducing synkinesis and recovery of facialsymmetry in Bell''s palsy.

Damage to musculoskeletal system of half of face cause loose symmetry of face، change in facial expression and effects on daily activities such as speaking، eating، drinking and cause social problems. The aim of this paper is to investigate rehabilitation treatment، which published in English language during last 60 decades and choose a suitable intervention for patients with facial nerve palsy without spontaneous recovery and need physical therapy.

Facial nerve palsy (FNP) changes facial expression and leads to functional problems in facial movement and negative psychological effect on patients. Fortunately, some of FNP problems recover completely, but some others remain with some sequelae like asymmetry, muscle contracture, synkinesis, and hyperkinesias that need rehabilitation. This article aimed to investigate physiotherapy modalities on these sequelae. Generally, exercise therapy in the form of neuromuscular reeducation was effective when the sequelae of FNP are analyzed. Then, we could select the type of exercise therapy according to that signs and sequelae (symptom). No acceptable researches about physiotherapy modalities like electrical nerve stimulation have been reported. Therefore, using electrical stimulation is not advised. Biofeedback therapy has been approved to be suitable.

The important sequelae of facial nerve palsy are synkinesis, asymmetry, hypertension and contracture; all of which have psychosocial effects on patients. Synkinesis due to mal regeneration causes involuntary movements during a voluntary movement. Previous studies have advocated treatment using physiotherapy modalities alone or with exercise therapy, but no consensus exists on the optimal approach. Thus, this review summarizes clinical controlled studies in the management of synkinesis and asymmetry in facial nerve palsy. Case-controlled clinical studies of patients at the acute stage of injury were selected for this review article. Data were obtained from English-language databases from 1980 until mid-2013. Among 124 articles initially captured, six randomized controlled trials involving 269 patients were identified with appropriate inclusion criteria. The results of all these studies emphasized the benefit of exercise therapy. Four studies considered electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback to be effective through neuromuscular re-education. Synkinesis and inconsistency of facial muscles could be treated with educational exercise therapy. EMG biofeedback is a suitable tool for this exercise therapy.