فهرست مطالب sahar khakifirouz
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Background
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal tick-borne viral disease. Hard ticks are both carriers and reservoirs of the CCHF virus. In this regard, the present study was done to investigate the CCHF viral infection in collected ticks from livestock in Gonabad City (Southwest of Razavi Khorasan Province) in Eastern Iran.
MethodsThis descriptive study was performed in rural areas of Gonabad City in 2018. The forceps sampling method collected hard ticks from livestock (goats, sheep, and cattle). The ticks were identified based on a valid taxonomic key; finally, the CCHF viral infection was evaluated using the RT-PCR technique.
ResultsBetween April and October 2018, 100 ticks were collected from 13 rural areas of Gonabad. The frequency of ticks collected from goats, sheep, and cows was 6.4%, 3.7%, and 89.9%, respectively. Also, 90% of ticks were Hyalomma (Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (n=9), Hyalomma lusitanicum (n=59), Hyalomma marginatum (n=4), Hyalomma anatolicuman (n=18)) and the remaining 10% were Rhipicephalus sanguine. Overally, CCHF infection was observed in 14% of the ticks (Hy. excavatum, Hy. lusitanicum, and Hy. anatolicumand Rhipicephalus sanguineus).
ConclusionHyalomma species is the main vector of the CCHF virus. Due to the high abundance of hard ticks in nature and the livestock environment, special care is required in the villages. Also, due to the presence of more scattered ticks in the northern half of the country, comprehensive studies that cover a wide geographical area and cover a larger sample size are necessary.
Keywords: Hard tick, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fevers, Hyalomma, Iran} -
تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگویک عفونت ویروسی کشنده (نرخ مرگ و میر بین 3 تا 30 درصد) می باشد که از بیش از 30 کشور دنیا گزارش شده است.این بیماری بین انسان و دام مشترک بوده و انتقال از طریق گزش کنه، تماس با خون و ترشحات یا لاشه دام و انسان آلوده رخ می دهد. هدف از مطالعه ی حاضر مشخص شدن شیوع ویروس تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو در کنه های جدا شده از دام های اهلی روستاهای شهرستان بیرجند در استان خراسان جنوبی می باشد. در این مطالعه از 390 راس دام شامل 167 گوسفند، 205 بز، 9 گاو و 9 شتر، در چهار روستای نوفرست، حسن آباد، امیرآباد و شوکت آباد نمونه برداری صورت گرفت. هشت گونه کنه سخت شناسایی شد که شامل شامل ریپیسفالوس سانگویینوس (9/21 درصد)، هیالوما دتریتیوم (25 درصد)، هیالوما مارژیناتوم (2/4 درصد)، هیالوما آناتولیکوم (8/%0)، هیالوما آسیاتیکوم (6/%1)، هیالوما درومداری (%43) و سایر هیالوما ها (4/7 درصد) بود. حضور ویروس در 9/15درصد از نمونه های ارسال شده به آزمایشگاه با روش واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز معکوس مورد تایید قرار گرفت. حضور ژنوم ویروسی در کنه های ریپیسفالوس سانگویینوس، هیالوما دتریتیوم و هیالوما آسیاتیکوم به تایید رسید. آلوده ترین میزبان ها گوسفند و بز بودند و کنه های صید شده همه از مناطق کم ارتفاع بودند. روستاهای این منطقه را می توان به عنوان کانون های آلودگی در نظر گرفت. بنابراین توصیه می شود سیاست های کنترلی و پایشی دام های منطقه، با دقت بیشتری دنبال شود.
کلید واژگان: تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو, کنه سخت, بیرجند, واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز معکوس}Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a deadly viral infection (mortality rate between 3 and 30%) reported from more than 30 countries. The disease is common between humans and animals and can be transmitted through tick bites, contact with blood and secretions or carcasses of infected animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CCHF virus in ticks isolated from domestic livestock in rural areas of Birjand city in South Khorasan province. In this study, 390 livestock including 167 sheep, 205 goats, 9 cows and 9 camels were sampled in four villages (Nofarest, Hassanabad, Amirabad and Shaukatabad) of Birjand county. Eight species of hard ticks were identified, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus (21.9%), Hyalomma detritium (25%), Hyalomma marginatum (2.4%), Hyalomma anatolicum (0.8%), Hyalomma asiaticum (1.6%), Hyalomma dromedarii (43). %) And other Hyalomma (4.7%). The presence of virus was confirmed in 15.9% of the samples sent to the laboratory by reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). the virus was observed in: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma detritium and Hyalomma asiaticum. The most infected hosts were sheep and goats, and the ticks caught were all from lowland areas. The villages of this region can be considered endemic for CCHF. Therefore, it is recommended to follow controlling and monitoring policies in the region more carefully.
Keywords: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hard Tick, Birjand, RT-PCR} -
بیماری تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو یک بیماری ویروسی، حاد، تب دار و خونریزی دهنده میباشد که باعث مرگ میر قابل توجهی در انسان میشود. ویروس تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو از گونه های مختلف کنه، از جمله 28 گونه کنهی سخت و دو گونه کنهی نرم جدا شده است. هدف از مطالعهی حاضر مشخص شدن شیوع ویروس تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو در کنههای جدا شده از دامهای اهلی روستاهای مرزی منطقه سیستان در شمال استان سیستان و بلوچستان است. در این مطالعه از 54 راس دام شامل 50 گوسفند، 3 بز، 1 گاو در چهار روستای چوتو، نادر علمخان، میلک و سنجرانی، از منطقه سیستان نمونهبرداری صورت گرفت. در ابتدا کنهها تعیین جنس و گونه شدند که شامل ریپیسفالوس سانگویینوس، ریپیسفالوس (بووفیلوس) آنولاتوس و هیالوما آناتولیکوم بود. سپس نمونهها توسط آزمایش زنجیرهای پلمراز معکوس از نظر حضور ژنوم ویروس مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. حضور ویروس در هیچ نمونهای از 50 نمونهی تست شده به تایید نرسید. یافتههای ما نشاندهنده عدم گردش ویروس تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو در کنههای روستاهای مرزی سیستان است. با این حال، از آنجا که استان سیستان و بلوچستان یک منطقه اندمیک برای این بیماری است، برای درک بهتر ناقلین کنهای در این منطقه، تحقیقات بیشتری لازم است.
کلید واژگان: تب خونریزی دهنده کریمه کنگو, کنه سخت, سیستان, واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز معکوس}Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral, acute, febrile, and hemorrhagic disease that causes significant death in humans. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus has been isolated from different species of ticks, including 28 hard ticks and 2 soft ticks. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CCHF virus in ticks isolated from domestic livestock in border villages of Sistan region in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province. In this study, 54 livestock including 50 sheep, 3 goats and 1 cow in four villages (Choto, Nader Alamkhan, Millak and Sanjarani) from Sistan region were sampled. After identifying genus and species of ticks, the samples were examined for the presence of the virus genome by reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Acording to taxonomic ranks 2 genera and 3 species were identified, which include Rhipicephalus Sanguineous, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Hyalomma anatolicum. The presence of the virus was not confirmed in any of the 50 tested samples. Our findings indicate that CCHFV may not circulating in the ticks of Sistan border villages. However, since Sistan and Baluchestan province is an endemic region for CCHF, more research is needed for a better understanding of CCHFV vectors in this region.
Keywords: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hard ticks, Sistan, RT-PCR} -
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Volume:6 Issue: 4, Autumn 2018, PP 108 -111IntroductionCrimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a fatal tick-borne viral zoonosis with a case fatality rate of 5% to 30%. CCHF has been documented as the most frequent tick-borne viral infection in Iran with more than 50 cases annually. Kerman Province in the south of Iran is one of the CCHF-endemic areas of the country, but no data on infection of ticks with this virus from this area is available. This study aimed to investigate the CCHFV infection among ticks collected from 4 different counties in this province.MethodsIn 2011, a total of 203 hard ticks were collected from Kerman, Jiroft, Sirjan, and Kuhbanan counties in Kerman Province, southeast of Iran. Infection of ticks with CCHFV was investigated using RT-PCR targeting the small segment of the viral genome.ResultsOut of 203 ticks, Dermacentor (50.24%) was the most frequent genus followed by Hyalomma (39.39%), Haemaphysalis (9.85%) and Rhipicephalus (0.49%). Our results showed no CCHFV infection of ticks.ConclusionOur finding indicates no circulation of CCHFV in ticks from Kerman Province. However, as Kerman Province is an endemic region for CCHF, further investigations are needed to have a better understanding of the CCHFV vectors in this region.Keywords: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Tick-Borne Diseases, Ixodidae, Iran}
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IntroductionCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal tick-borne viral zoonosis. CCHF virus (CCHFV) has 7 distinct genotypes with a determined geographical distribution pattern. However, similar genotypes have been reported from distant geographical areas.Case PresentationOn 4 June 2016, a CCHF suspected case from Sanandaj city, Kurdistan province of Iran, was confirmed with CCHFV infection by RT-PCR test. The phylogenetic analyses showed a strain belonging to Europe-1 genotype.ConclusionsConsidering the similarity of Iranian strain of Europe-1 genotype to the strains from Turkey and Russia, it could be claimed that Europe-1 genotype has introduced to Iran from European countries. However, to have a better understanding about the circulation of CCHFV Europe-1 genotype in Iran, further investigations should be performed.Keywords: Crimean, Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Sequence Analysis, Iran}
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IntroductionCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute viral zoonotic disease, which is endemic in vast geographic areas including the Middle East. The causative agent, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a Nairovirus, which is mainly transmitted to human from infected hard ticks and viremic livestock..Case PresentationIn April 2016, an outbreak of CCHF occurred in Khuzestan province, Iran, because of slaughtering a tick-infested calf and manipulation of its meat..DiscussionGiven that viremic livestock are the main source of CCHF outbreaks in Iran, limitation of the livestock smuggling and unhealthy slaughtering is of great importance in the prevention of CCHF in endemic regions..Keywords: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Disease Outbreaks, Iran}
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Serologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever among Sheep in Ardabil Province, Northwest IranJournal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2016, PP 16 -19IntroductionLivestock is a known source of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus infection in humans. Although CCHF is endemic in Iran, limited human cases of CCHF are reported from northwest of Iran. Considering the lack of complete and updated information on the status and distribution of CCHF infection among domestic animals in Ardabil province, this study was conducted to investigate the CCHF status among sheep in this area.MethodsIn this study, 256 sera from sheep were collected from various geographical regions of Ardabil in 2011, and tested for specific CCHF IgG antibodies by ELISA.ResultsThe Seroprevalence of CCHF in this area was 27.34%. The seropositivity rate of CCHF in northern regions (36.36%) was higher than in central (26.27%) and southern (20%) regions. The highest and lowest seropositivity of CCHF were seen in Parsabad (45.57%) and Khalkhal counties (17.78%), respectively.ConclusionsIn this study, a relatively high seroprevalence of CCHF was seen among livestock in the province. Therefore, health care system should increase its surveillance for the detection of CCHF patients. Molecular studies to compare the virus strains circulating in this province and those in the eastern regions of the country can shed more light on the epidemiology of the disease.Keywords: CCHF, Seropositivity, Epidemiology, Zoonosis, Iran}
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Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2016, PP 37 -38Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is considered as the most important arboviral infection in Iran. Early diagnosis of CCHF is essential for preventing the spread of the infection and providing appropriate treatment to patients. Given that clinical symptoms of CCHF may overlap with other common infectious disease; differential diagnosis is a matter of great importance. In this report, we describe a case of rheumatoid arthritis intoxicated with methotrexate mimicking CCHF. This observation suggests that non-infectious medical conditions such as drug toxicity should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of CCHF.Keywords: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Differential Diagnosis, Methotrexate}
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An Imported Case of Dengue Fever in Iran, 2015BackgroundDengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease which is not known to be endemic in Iran.
Case Report: In October 2015, a 32-year-old Iranian woman was admitted with acute unexplained high-grade fever, headache, pain, rash, diarrhea, leukopenia and elevated liver enzymes after returning from India. Serological and molecular analysis for Dengue virus (DENV) infection revealed positive IgM, negative IgG and positive reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR)ResultsPCR product was sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis showed a DENV 2, genotype 4 strain with high similarity to other isolates reported from India.ConclusionConsidering that DENV is one of the most common infections among travelers, an integrated surveillance system is strictly recommended in dengue non endemic countries.Keywords: Dengue virus, Imported Infections, India, Iran} -
BackgroundCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reservoir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole-Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran.MethodsFrom total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investigated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR.ResultsThe virus was found in 3.8% of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H.asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11%) in Rh. sanguineus.ConclusionThese findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area.Keywords: Ixodidae, CCHFV, Kermanshah, Iran}
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BackgroundThis comprehensive study was conducted on multi-purpose one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) sera and ticks to assess the epidemiological aspects of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in northeast Iran.MethodsFrom May 2012 to January 2013, eleven cities were randomly selected in the Khorasan Provinces of Iran as “clusters,” and at least 14 one-humped camels were sampled from each area. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of the CCHFV genome in ticks. Sera were analyzed using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests.ResultsFour hundred and eighty ixodid ticks were collected, and the genome of the CCHFV was detected in 49 (10.2%) out of 480 ticks. The CCHFV genome was detected in two out of four tick species, and in tick samples from three cities in Khorassan-e-Jonoobi. All three provinces, and six out of eleven cities, were CCHFV-specific IgG-positive. In total, nine (5.3%) out of 170 one-humped camels were IgG-positive. The highest rate of IgG-positive samples was found in Nehbandan (16.67%).ConclusionContinued surveillance and strictly enforced importation and quarantine practices should be implemented to prevent human exposure and the on-going dispersal of infected ticks and livestock in these regions. It is recommended that acaricides be used to prevent CCHF transmission to humans, and to reduce the tick population. In addition, care should be taken by abattoirs workers and people who work with one-humped camels.Keywords: Epidemiology, Survey, CCHFV, ELISA, RT, PCR, Iran}
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BackgroundCrimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirus genus. It has a negative-sense, single stranded RNA genome approximately 19.2 kb, containing the Small, Medium, and Large segments. CCHFVs are relatively divergent in their genome sequence and grouped in seven distinct clades based on S-segment sequence analysis and six clades based on M-segment sequences. Our aim was to obtain new insights into the molecular epidemiology of CCHFV in Iran.MethodsWe analyzed partial and complete nucleotide sequences of the S and M segments derived from 50 Iranian patients. The extracted RNA was amplified using one-step RT-PCR and then sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using Mega5 software.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis of partial S segment sequences demonstrated that clade IV-(Asia 1), clade IV-(Asia 2) and clade V-(Europe) accounted for 80 %, 4 % and 14 % of the circulating genomic variants of CCHFV in Iran respectively. However, one of the Iranian strains (Iran-Kerman/22) was associated with none of other sequences and formed a new clade (VII). The phylogenetic analysis of complete S-segment nucleotide sequences from selected Iranian CCHFV strains complemented with representative strains from GenBank revealed similar topology as partial sequences with eight major clusters. A partial M segment phylogeny positioned the Iranian strains in either association with clade III (Asia-Africa) or clade V (Europe).ConclusionThe phylogenetic analysis revealed subtle links between distant geographic locations, which we propose might originate either from international livestock trade or from long-distance carriage of CCHFV by infected ticks via bird migration.Keywords: CCHFV, Molecular epidemiology, RT, PCR, Phylogeny, Reassortant virus, Iran}
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Assessment of Recombination in the S-segment Genome of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in IranBackgroundCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) belongs to genus Nairovirus and family Bunyaviridae. The main aim of this study was to investigate the extent of recombination in S-segment genome of CCHFV in Iran.MethodsSamples were isolated from Iranian patients and those available in GenBank, and analyzed by phylogenetic and bootscan methods.ResultsThrough comparison of the phylogenetic trees based on full length sequences and partial fragments in the S-segment genome of CCHFV, genetic switch was evident, due to recombination event. Moreover, evidence of multiple recombination events was detected in query isolates when bootscan analysis was used by SimPlot software.ConclusionSwitch of different genomic regions between different strains by recombination could contribute to CCHFV diversification and evolution. The occurrence of recombination in CCHFV has a critical impact on epidemiological investigations and vaccine design.Keywords: Recombination, Phylogenetic, Diversity, Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Iran}
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