فهرست مطالب saied aharizad

Black rust is one of the important fungal diseases that widely affects the quantity and quality of wheat in many regions of the world. The damages caused by black rust disease can be more than other pathogens in wheat and its importance is such that millions of hectares of healthy fields with high production potential can be destroyed in less time. Destroy it completely in one month. Resistance is one of the genetic characteristics of the host that plant breeders use to produce cultivars. Lines that are recognized as resistant in a survey can be used as a source of resistance in another breeding program. Genetic resistance reduces or eliminates the consumption of chemical poisons, and as a result, it is considered as the most economical and healthiest method of combating plant diseases. Accordingly, in order to statistically investigate some physiological markers related to resistance to black rust disease, 24 bread wheat genotypes including 8 cultivars and 16 promising lines were studied. In this study, two varieties MV-17 (disease-resistant variety) and Morocco (disease-susceptible variety) were selected as controls in this study due to their different behavior in resistance to wheat black rust.

Material and Methods: 

This experiment was carried out in 2019 in the greenhouse of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding and Seed Preparation under the conditions of infection and non- infection with the native race TKTTF of wheat black rust disease and in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Physiological traits including relative leaf water content (RWC), cell membrane stability (MP), electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured and recorded.

At the probability level of 1%, a significant difference between genotypes was observed and the interaction effect of disease x genotype was significant for all traits, which indicates the non-homogeneous difference of genotypes for the studied traits in two conditions of infection and non- infection. Also, for all measured traits, there was a significant difference between two different levels of disease infection, which shows the effect of the black rust pathogen on the relative content of leaves, membrane permeability, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll concentration, primary fluorescence, fluorescence It has maximum, variable fluorescence and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The results showed that pathogen contamination increases the relative water content, chlorophyll concentration, membrane permeability, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and decrease in electrical conductivity. Based on all studied physiological traits of genotypes MV-17, C-98-17, C-98-11, C-98-5, C-98-12, C-98-18, C-98- 16, C-98-3 and CD-94-9 were identified as the genotypes that showed more resistance to the disease agent. There was a high correlation between initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane permeability and electrical conductivity in response to stem rust. Based on Ward's cluster analysis and detection function analysis, the genotypes were divided into four separate groups in the conditions of infection and non-infection with black rust. They were placed in a group. While, in the condition of no disease contamination, 6, 9, 4 and 5 genotypes were clustered in four separate groups, respectively.

This study showed the effect of East Azerbaijan stem rust TKTTF race on the physiological traits of winter cultivars and lines of wheat. This race caused changes in the studied physiological traits in both experimental conditions, from this output it can be concluded that the resistant lines are more resistant to the disease than the commercial variety and are recommended as selected lines in breeding programs should be used. It is worth mentioning that according to the results of the grouping of genotypes and also the placement of valuable genotypes in terms of relative water content traits, membrane permeability index, chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, and photochemical efficiency. Photosystem II and electrical conductivity in the first and second groups in the conditions of disease infection and non- infection, it was concluded that the results of cluster analysis had a good relationship with the results of variance analysis and comparing the average of the studied traits. The results showed that the physiological traits measured in response to black rust disease have diversity. Therefore, possible genotypes with resistance to this pathogen can be identified by using the changes of these traits. Also, considering the relationship between the results obtained from the evaluation of physiological and pathological traits, the possibility of using physiological traits as indicators related to resistance to wheat black rust disease was benefited. In other words, the physiological indicators used were able to detect the existence of diversity and response to resistance to black rust disease and they can be used as physiological indicators related to resistance to black rust disease of wheat. Examining different traits in different environmental conditions has shown that the way the genotypes act and respond to the pathogen changes with the change of environmental conditions. For this purpose, these studies should be carried out in several years and in different environments. It is also recommended to carry out the above test using agricultural traits at the stage of the sorghum plant as well as biochemical traits related to the disease.

In order to estimate the heritability and genetic diversity of some seedling biometric traits in response to black rust (stem rust) disease, 24 wheat genotypes in the 2020 at the research greenhouse of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute was evaluated in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications under the conditions of infection and non- infection to the native race TKTTF black rust. Based on the results, the genotype ´ disease condition interaction, was significant for all traits at the 1% probability level. Also, a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of seedling height, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio was observed. The results showed that pathogen infection causes a decrease in seedling height and an increase in seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio due to the presence of pustules caused by disease. Under black rust infection, the highest heritability was observed for seedling dry weight (42.85%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height trait (8.78%). In the absence of black rust disease, the highest heritability was observed for the ratio of fresh weight to dry weight of seedlings (53.66%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height (51.25%). The results showed that black rust infection affects seedling traits and the diversity between genotypes can be used to improve wheat genotypes.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first most important Cereal crop in the world. Drought, among abiotic stresses, is known as the most complicated, devastating. Although drought impedes wheat yield at all growth stages, its negative impacts are more critical during the flowering and grain-filling phases (terminal drought) and results in substantial yield losses. A prolonged and severe drought will result in a significant decrease in the production of crop and serious issues of food supply and food security. Given the growing population in developing countries and Iran and the economic and political importance of producing this cereal, a special look at its production and breeding should be taken.

In order to study Yield Stability analysis of advanced spring wheat genotypes under non-stress and drought stress conditions (stop irrigation in the stage of the emergence of 50% inflorescence of each experimental unit), 28 genotypes were evaluated in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping yearin two separate experiments with a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz.

Combined analysis of variance under two conditions in two crop years revealed a statistically significant difference between studied genotypes for all traits (P

Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae and rich in isoquinolin alkaloids. Chemical synthesis of these alkaloids is not possible. So, the pharmaceutical industry requires large quantities of plants to extract these compounds. The purpose of this study was optimization of a repeatable method for regeneration of celandine by callus induction. Celandine seeds after surface sterilizing were placed on 1/2MS medium for germination. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants were prepared from 20-day-old sterile seedlings and leaf explants from 3-month-old plants. Explants were put on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators (PGRs) to callus induction. The highest fresh weight was for calli in mediums containing 1 mg/l 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with 0.5 or 1 mg/l Amino Purine (BAP) or Tidiazuron (TDZ). Organogenesis was observed in few treatments after repetitive subculture. Plant regeneration only happened in PGRs free MS medium, from cotyledon calli after 2 months with frequency of 11.11 % by one shoot per explant. Shoots were rooted in PGRs free MS medium with frequency of 77.78 % by 2.36 roots per explant.

Physalis alkekengi L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. This plant is rich in phytochemicals such as: physalins, withanolides, sterols, polysaccharides and flavones. P. alkekengi has many uses in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Hairy root cultures of P. alkekengi can be used to produce secondary metabolites. In this research, the effects of 5 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (GM, C58, A4, MSU and 15834) and leaf and stem explants were studied on induction of hairy root in P. alkekengi. The highest transformation rate was related to explants which were inoculated with A4, MSU and 15834 strains. Leaf explants produced 5.6 hairy roots per explant and were better than stem explants (produced 2.9 hairy roots per explant). To confirm the transformation of hairy roots, PCR was performed with specific primers of rol A gene. Electrophoresis of PCR products confirmed the integration of rol A gene (403 bp) to the plant genome. This article is a first published study about induction of hairy root in P. alkekengi.